Download pertanian dan lingkungan – prinsip dasar

Bahan kajian pada MK. Pertanian Berlanjut
EFEK PERTANIAN
TERHADAP
LINGKUNGAN
Diabstraksikan oleh: smno.jurstnh.fpub.sept2013
Bagaimana Pertanian mengubah Lingkungan
• Pertanian merupakan aktivitas yang snagat penting
bagi kehidupan manusia, dan menjadi salah satu
sumber kerusakan lingkungan
• Problematik lingkungan yang serius:
– Soil erosion
– Sediment transport and deposition downstream
– On-site pollution from overuse and secondary effects of
fertilizers and pesticides
– Off-site pollution of other ecosystems, of soil, water and
air
Bagaimana Pertanian mengubah Lingkungan
Problematik lingkungan yang serius:
–
–
–
–
–
–
Deforestation
Desertification
Degradation of aquifers
Salinization
Akumulasi senyawa organik toksik
Kehilangan biodiversitas
BAHAYANYA PERTANIAN Industrial
Key: AWL to Study, Low-frequency Vocabulary
What are the hazards of industrial agriculture?
PERTANIAN ORGANIK: SEDANG BERKEMBANG
• Permintaan konsumen akan produk pertanian organik
meningkat sebesar 20% setiap tahun.
• Pertumbuhan paling cepat di Argentina, US, dan
China.
• Masyarakat semakin menyadari bahaya dari pertanian
industrial, dimana ada fokus memaksimumkan profit
dengan mengorbankan kesehatan dan lingkungan.
Bagaimana pemikiran anda bahwa
pertanian-industrial berkontribusi pada
pemanasan global dan pencemaran air?
RISIKO KESEHATAN : METODE Industrial
• Residu pestisida pada hasil
pertanian
 remain after washing and peeling.
 have links to cancer.
• Antibiotik dimakan manusia
 Dari hasil tanaman dna ternak
 lead to the development of
untreatable superbugs
Apakah anda khawatir tentang adanya residu pestisida atau antibiotik di dalam
bahan pangan produk pertanian ?.
RISIKO KESEHATAN
• Hormon pertumbuhan tanaman dan ternak
Mengganggu sistem endocrine.
Mengakibatkan pubertas dini.
• Rekayasa biologis
Unregulated items are
virtually invisible in stores.
Manipulation of genetic code could impact health.
How do you think genetically modified food might impact your
health?
BAHAYA LINGKUNGAN
• Environmental hazards comprise air pollution,
global warming, dan problem lainnya problems.
• Pupuk-pupuk sintetis
 largest source of nitrous oxide
emissions
 300 times more toxic than carbon
dioxide gases
 will affect air pollution and intensify
global warming if continued
Are you concerned about air pollution in your
country? Why or why not?
TANAH YANG TIDAK LESTARI
• Industri mono-cropping: Satu spesies tanaman
ditanam berulang kali pada sebidang lahan
tertentu.
The process relies on the use of synthetic fertilizers.
Mono-cropping kills microorganisms needed to
produce soil nutrients.
Infertile soil leads to erosion,
unsustainable farmlands,
and reduced biodiversity.
If mono-cropping is destroying farmlands and biodiversity, what is the
alternative?
PERTANIAN ORGANIK
• Organic farming prohibits
the use of synthetic fertilizers
and pesticides, hormones,
antibiotics, and genetically
modified organisms.
• It ensures soil sustainability
and overall quality.
What are the advantages of eating organic
food?
ROTASI TANAMAN
• Teknik pertanian yang holistik
infuse soil with essential nutrients.
ensure different crops are planted every year.
vary the nutrient demand in soil.
create sustainable soil.
KESEJAHTERAAN TERNAK
• Small-scale organic farms are
less likely to confine livestock to small spaces.
against the use of antibiotics.
• Free-range farms
allow animals to roam freely.
reduce stress and susceptibility to disease.
How do you feel about confining animals to small spaces in order to produce
food?
The Plow Puzzle
• Nothing in nature like the plow
– Big difference between soils of an unplowed forest
and soils of previously forested land that has been
plowed and used for ag
• Soil difference noted in Marsh’s book
– Man and Nature in 1864
The Plow Puzzle
Semakin kritis
kondisi tanah,
semakin banyak
input produksi
yang diperlukan,
seperti pupuk,
pestisida, air
irigasi dan
lainnya.
Diunduh dari sumbernya:
http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/2001/1-29-2001/soilerosion.html…………
22/10/2012
Pengendalian Hama
• Pests are undesirable
– Competitors, parasites, and predators
• In agriculture pests are mainly
– Insects, nematodes, bacterial and viral diseases,
weeds and vertebrates.
• Loss can be large
– Estimated at 1/3 of potential harvest and 1/10 of the
harvested crop
Pengendalian Hama
• Because a farm is maintained in a very early
stage of ecological succession and enriched by
fertilizers and water
– It is a good place for crops
– AND early-successional plants (weeds)
• Weeds compete for all resources
– Light, water,nutrients, and space to grow.
Sejarah Pestisida
• Pre- Industrial Revolution methods
– Slash and burn agriculture
– Planting aromatic herbs that repel insects
• Modern science-based agriculture
– Search for chemicals that would reduce abundance of
pests
– The first, like arsenic, toxic to all life
• Killed pest and beneficial organisms
Sejarah Pestisida
• Second stage began in the 1930
– Petroleum based sprays and natural plant chemicals
(e.g., nicotine)
• Third stage was the development of artificial
organic compounds
– DDT, broad-spectrum
– Aldrin and dieldrin used to control termites
• Toxic to humans, has been found in breast milk
Sejarah Pestisida
• Forth stage is a return to biological and
ecological knowledge.
• Biological control- the use of biological
predators and parasites to control pests
– The use of Bacillus thuringiensis (BT)
– Proved safe and effective
Sejarah Pestisida
• Other biological control agents
– Small wasps that parasitize caterpillars
• Both effective and narrow spectrum
– Ladybugs
– Sex pheromones (chemicals released to attract
opposite sex) used as bait in traps
Integrated Pest Management
(Pengelolaan Hama Terpadu)
Integrated Pest Management
(Pengelolaan Hama Terpadu)
• No-till or low-till agriculture another feature of
IPM
– Helps build levels of natural enemies of pests
Monitoring Pesticida di Lingkungan
• World pesticide use exceeds 2.5 billion kg
– US use exceeds 680 million kg
– $32 billion worldwide, $11 billion in US
• Once applied may decompose in place or be
carried by wind and water
– Breakdown products can also be toxic
– Eventually fully decompose but can take a very
long time
Integrated Pest Management
(Pengelolaan Hama Terpadu)
• To establish useful standards for pesticide
levels in the environment and to understand
the environmental effects, it is necessary to
monitor the concentrations.
– Standards have been set for some but not all
compounds
Genetically Modified Crops
(Tanaman rekayasa genetik)
• Three methods
– 1. Faster and more efficient development of new
hybrids
– 2. Introduction of the “terminator gene”
– 3. Transfer of genetic properties from widely
divergent kinds of life
Hibrida Baru
• From an environmental perspective, genetic engineering
to develop hybrids w/in a species is likely to be a benign
as the development of agricultural hybrids has been w/
conventional methods.
• Modifikasi genetik mungkin dapat menghasilkan:
– “superhybrids”
– Dapat menjadi hama atau transfer genes ke gulma
yang terdekat
The Terminator Gene
• Makes seeds from a crop sterile
– Done for environmental and economic reasons
– Prevents a gmo from spreading
– Protects the market for the corporation that developed it
• Catatan Kritis
– Farmer’s in poor nations must be able to grow next years
crops from their own seeds
TRANSFER GEN
• Genes transfer from one major life form to
another
– Most likely to have negative and undesirable impacts
• Misalnya Bacillus thuringiensis
– Menghasilkan toksin yang membunuh caterpillars
– Gene diidentifikasi dan ditransfer ke tanaman
jagung
– Tanaman jagung hasil rekayasa genetik ini mampu
menghasilkan pestisidanya sendiri
TRANSFER GEN
• Tanaman Bt dianggap sebagai tahapan
konstruktif dalam pengendalian hama
– Tidak perlu penyemprotan pestisida
• Tanaman Bt menghasilkan toksin dalam semua
sel
– Even in pollen that can spread
– Monarch butterflies that eat pollen may die