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Non-Native Plant Species of Alaska Creeping bellflower Campanula rapunculoides L. Synonyms: Campanula rapunculoides var. ucranica (Bess.) K. Koch Other common names: rampion bellflower, rampion bellflower, rover bellflower Family: Campanulaceae Description Creeping bellflower is a perennial with thick and creeping rhizomes. The erect stems are 2 to 4 feet tall, often purplish, hairy or smooth. The leaves are alternate, 1 to 5 inches long, with the lower leaves long-stalked and heart-shaped with coarsely toothed margins. The upper leaves are sessile and lanceshaped. The flowers are blue to purple, bell-shaped, nodding, and about 1 inch long. The inflorescence appears strongly one-sided. The fruit is a round capsule, containing numerous small seeds. The seeds are elliptical, light brown with small wings (Afnes 1975, Gubanov et al. 2004, Whitson et al. 2000, Royer and Dickinson 1999). Harebell (Campanula rotundifolia) and other native bluebell species is distinguished by either much shorter stems, or smaller flowers (½ to ¾ inches long), and smaller, narrow leaves (Royer and Dickinson 1999, Hitchcock and Cronquist 1973). Campanula glomerata, and C. persicifolia are cultivated in Alaska. No garden or native bellfowers in Alaska have strongly one-sided inflorescences. Ecological Impact Impact on community composition, structure, and interactions: The flowers of creeping bellflower are pollinated by bees, flies, beetles, moths, and butterflies (Plants For A Future 2004). Impact on ecosystem process: Creeping bellflower likely reduces soil moisture and nutrients (Royer and Dickinson 1999). Biology and Invasive Potential Reproductive potential: Creeping bellflower reproduces by creeping rhizomes and by seeds. Each plant may produce 3,000 to 15,000 seeds annually (Gubanov et al. 2004, Whiston et al. 2000, Royer and Dickinson 1999). Role of disturbance in establishment: Unknown. Potential for long-distance dispersal: Seeds spread by wind because of their light weight and small wings (Gubanov et al. 2004). Potential to be spread by human activity: Creeping bellflower was introduced to North America as an ornamental plant (Royer and Dickinson 1999). It frequently escapes from gardens (Whitson et al. 2000). This plant also disperses aggressively by contaminated commercial seed and nursery stock (Alfnes 1975, USDA, ARS 2005). Germination requirements: Germination occurs in the top 1 inch of the soil (Royer and Dickinson 1999). The seeds normally germinate in 2-4 weeks at 64°F (Plants For A Future 2004). Growth requirements: The plant prefers light sandy to medium loamy, well-drained soils with pH ranging from 6.6 to 8.5. It can grow in full sun, semi-shade or shade (Plants For A Future 2004). Congeneric weeds: none Listing: Campanula rapunculoides is listed as a weed in Alberta and Manitoba (Invaders Database System 2003, Royer and Dickinson 1999). Distribution and abundance Native and current distribution: Creeping bellflower was introduced from Europe and Asia. Today it is found throughout the United States and Canada (USDA 2002, Royer and Dickinson 1999) and is expanding in Scandinavia (Afnes 1975, Lid and Lid 1994). This species has been collected in Anchorage and Cordova (UAM 2005). Creeping bellflower is a weed of gardens, horticultural fields, and forest plantations. It is a serious weed in lawns. In its native range creeping bellflower grows in open woodlands, forest edges, and meadows (Gubanov et al. 2004, Royer and Dickinson 1999). Management Creeping bellflower infestations are extremely difficult to eradicate (Gubanov et al. 2004). It is practically impossible to control this species mechanically and it is also problematic to control it by chemical methods. Some of the selective herbicides (glyphosate) can be effective (Alfnes 1975). South Coastal Interior- Boreal Arctic-Alpine Collection Site References: Alfnes, A.T. 1975. Dispersion of especially troublesome weeds (Rorippa sylvestris, Aegopodium podagraria, Campanula rapunculoides) in nursery stock. Gartneryrket; 65: 772-774. In Norwegian. Gubanov, I.A., K.V. Kiseleva, V.S. Novikov and V.N. Tihomirov. 2004. An illustrated identification book of the plants of Middle Russia, Vol. 3: Angiosperms (dicots: archichlamydeans). Moscow: Institute of Technological Researches; 520 p. In Russian. Hitchcock, C. L., A. Cronquist. 1973. Flora of the Pacific Northwest. University of Washington Press, Seattle and London. 730 p. Invaders Database System. The University of Montana. 2003. Montana Noxious Weed Trust Fund. Department of Agriculture. http://invader.dbs.umt.edu/ Lid, J. and D. T. Lid. 1994. Flora of Norway. The Norske Samlaget, Oslo. Pp. 1014. Plants For A Future. 2004. Campanula rapunculoides. Available from: http://www.pfaf.org/index.html Royer, F., and R. Dickinson. 1999. Weeds of the Northern U.S. and Canada. The University of Alberta press. 434 pp. University of Alaska Museum. University of Alaska Fairbanks. 2003. http://hispida.museum.uaf.edu:8080/home.cf m USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), NRCS (Natural Resource Conservation Service). 2002. The PLANTS Database, Version 3.5 (http://plants.usda.gov). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 708744490 USA. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database]. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: http://www.arsgrin.gov/var/apache/cgibin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?300618 [October 5, 2005]. Whitson, T. D., L. C. Burrill, S. A. Dewey, D. W. Cudney, B. E. Nelson, R. D. Lee, R. Parker. 2000. Weeds of the West. The Western Society of Weed Science in cooperation with the Western United States Land Grant Universities, Cooperative Extension Services. University of Wyoming. Laramie, Wyoming. 630 pp. Alaska Natural Heritage Program Environment and Natural Resources Institute University of Alaska Anchorage 707 A Street, Anchorage, Alaska 99501 Phone (907) 257-2780 Fax (907) 257-2789 Last Updated November 4, 2005