Download Chapters 22-24

BIOL 242 Objectives
Chaps 22, 23, 24
Chapter 22 – Respiratory System
1. Know the general functions of the respiratory system.
2. Know the composition of the respiratory mucosa (epithelium) from the upper
respiratory tract all the way to the alveoli.
3. Know the general function of the following structures: nose, nasal concha, pharynx,
larynx.
4. Know the structure of the trachea. Why is it important to have C shaped cartilaginous
rings?
5. Know how the structure of the trachea changes as the airways travel into the lungs,
including where the cartilaginous rings become plates of cartilage and where there are
just bands of smooth muscle. Understand why these structural differences are important.
6. Know the structure at the alveoli and the composition of the respiratory membrane.
7. Understand the following laws and how they relate to respiration: Boyles law, Henry's
Law, Dalton's Law.
8. Know what muscles are involved in quiet breathing and forced breathing.
9. Understand why gas exchange at the respiratory membrane is efficient. How is the
exchange of gases different in the lungs and at the tissues?
10. Know how oxygen is transported in the blood. Understand how and why hemoglobin
saturation varies in different temperatures, different pH environments, and different
altitudes.
11. Know the three ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the blood. Memorize the
formula (p. 846).
12. Understand how the chernoreceptors work to adjust breathing rate. Under what
conditions would your breathing rate increase? Decrease?
Chapters 23, 24 – Digestion and Metabolism
1. Know the general functions of the digestive system. Know the essential activities of the
digestive system.
2. Know which parts of the digestive system comprise the digestive tract and what organs
are considered the accessory organs.
BIOL 242 Objectives
Chaps 22, 23, 24
3. Understand the major layers of the walls of the digestive tract and the composition and
function of each layer.
4. Know the difference between peristalsis and segmentation
5. Know what changes occur to your food in the mouth. Is there any chemical digestion?
What is the function of the salivary glands? Know the three types of salivary glands
found in the mouth and what they contribute to the composition of saliva.
6. Know the function of the esophagus. What are some distinctive features of the
esophageal wall?
7. Know the functions of the stomach. Know the anatomy of the stomach including the
regions (cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus) and what is unique to each region of the
stomach. What is distinctive to the histology of the stomach?
8. Know the purpose of the gastric glands in the stomach. What types of cells are found in
the gastric glands? What is the function of these cells? How is HCI made in the parietal
cells? What is the function of carbonic anhydrase in these cells?
9. Know the three phases of gastric activity and what happens at each phase.
10. Know what types of digestion and absorption occur in the stomach.
11. Know the general features of the small intestine. What is the key function of the small
intestine? Know what features are unique to each of the sections of the small intestine.
Know the function of plicae, lacteals, intestinal villi, and intestinal glands.
12. Know the general functions of the pancreas. What is found in the pancreatic juice? How
is the pancreatic juice transported to the small intestine?
13. Know the functions of the liver. Understand how the blood flows though the liver
lobules and what is found at the portal areas.
14. Know the function of the gall bladder. What happens when the bile is too concentrated?
What hormone triggers the release for bile? Where does the bile go? What is found in
bile?
15. Know how the following hormones function in digestion and what triggers the release:
secretin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory peptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide,
gastrin, and enterocrinin.
16. Know the general function of the large intestine. Why is it called the large intestine?
What distinctive histological features are found in the large intestine?
BIOL 242 Objectives
Chaps 22, 23, 24
17. Know how the following are digested and absorbed: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
water soluble vitamins, fat soluble vitamins, and water.
18. Review the section 25-6 on metabolic interactions. Know what happens in the body
during the absorptive state and the postabsorptive state.
19. Begin to think about the following situations and how they would change the "normal"
process of digestion.
a. Lack of functional parietal cells
b. Liver can no longer make bile
c. Jejunum length is reduced by 50%
d. Pancreas is unable to deliver pancreatic juice to the small intestine
e. Lactose intolerance