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Pulsed Plasma Ignition System
Nature’s Fire Starter
Mankind’s Fire Starter
Far superior
to standard
spark plugs,
which do not
ignite all the
fuel.
Pulsed Plasma Fuel Ignition
Pulsed plasma reaches
throughout the cylinder
and completely ignites
even very lean fuel-toair mixtures.
SISCO
Developed using
the newest Plasma
Ion Implant theory
and technology
currently used in semiconductor manufacturing .
Breakthrough high voltage
electronics and a unique platinum
electrode design produce the
whole cylinder plasma spark.
Notice the fine blue-tinged filaments emanating at
right angles to the main fingers.
High-energy plasma
injects into the cylinder
without need for
elaborate and various
cathode designs.
Spark reaches throughout the cylinder
because the entire cylinder is the cathode!
With the platinum
electrode acting as a
catalyst, plasma
generates ozone, a tri-ox
molecule that links with
fuel molecules…
explosively!
This is truly a revolutionary breakthrough
in automotive technology!
Most mathematical models
of capacitively coupled
radio frequency plasmas
are based on a linear single
frequency sine wave
approach.
SISCO
Electrostatic Approximation
E = −Φ
Is just a crude estimate.
It is no longer valid
when using increased
driving frequencies,
plasma densities and
discharge sizes.
Strong plasma & field non-uniformities are connected
with electromagnetic effects.
Magnetic Reynolds number
measures the importance of electromagnetic effects:
Rm = μ0 e2 ne L2 / me
if Rm is small
electromagnetic effects can be neglected
electrostatic approximation suffices
for moderate or large Rm
the full set of Maxwell’s equations is required,
λSCF / L ≡ 1 / √Rm ~ 0.1, . . . , 10.
Plasma Permittivity
Єp = 1 −ω2pe / ( ω2RF −I ωRF νc )
Measured
Assumes single sine waves.
Doesn’t represent
experimentally observed
wave forms.
Calculated
Doesn’t explain the observed
electron heating phenomena.
A higher topology model
must be used when
including non-linear spatial
effects.
Maxwell’s original four equations
used quaternion algebra and had
twenty variables in four dimensions.
Space-Time effects were
included in Maxwellian
topology, before simplification
by Heaviside and Lorentz, into
contemporary symmetrical
mathematical models
SISCO
Maxwell's Equations
 × H = 0 ∂ E / ∂t + j
 × E = − μ0 ∂ H / ∂t
 · H=0
 · E =  / 0
Where
H
magnetic field (A/m)
E
electric field (V/m)
j
vector current density (A/m2)
μ0 = 8.8542 x 10-12 F/m permittivity of free space
0 = 4 x 10-7 H/m permeability of free space
 is the scalar charge density (C/m3)
Maxwell’s equations
include the conduction
effect because the
collisionless skin depth,
or Skin Effect Wavelength
is less than or near the
plasma dimension
λSCF

~
L
Our approach is electrochemical.
In the reaction, dual
frequency high voltage
pulses excite the Plasma
Sheath Boundary, which
causes electron heating.
The platinum electrode
acts as a catalyst to
increase Tri-Ox
molecule production
prior to ignition.
A powerful explosion results when the voltage reaches flashpoint.
Higher, multiple
frequencies of up to 200
MHz, yield better power
coupling, higher plasma
density and thus better
ignition.
SISCO
Increased Ohmic
dissipation caused by
dual frequency excitation
of higher harmonics
substantially contributes
to electron heating at low
pressure.
Excitation of Plasma Series Resonance (PSR)
by nonlinearities of the boundary sheath.
PSR is a collective oscillation
mode characteristic for lowtemperature plasmas
It derives from the interaction of
the kinetic electron energy in the
bulk with the electrostatic field
energy of the sheath.
Klick et al, investigating higher current harmonics in a discharge driven by a purely
sinusoidal voltage, identified as an underlying mechanism the excitation of the
plasma series resonance (PSR) by the nonlinearities of the boundary sheath.
The current has an inverse saw-tooth shape, a
characteristic of excited PSR mode damping.
Electric model of engine cylinder
Idealized cylinder depicted in the
figure.
Cylinder with radius R and height
H; we identify R with the
normalization length L, i.e. set R
equal to unity.
The aspect ratio H/R is denoted η;
for calculations we use η = 0.5.
The bottom of the cylinder forms the
electrode, driven by a harmonic
voltage VE = V cos ω t.
Mathematical model of engine cylinder
Cylindrical coordinates r, φ and
z shown in the figure.
Top of the cylinder coincides
with the surface z = 0
Cylinder bottom is at z = −H,
each for 0 r R
Mantle is at r = R, for −H z 0
We assume that all quantities are
independent of φ.
Plasma frequencies
Electrons
ωpe =  e2 ne / 0 me
Ions
ωpi =  e2 ni /  0 mi
PSR frequency
ωPSR =  s¯/ L ωpe
Drive frequency
ωRF
ionization rate
νion
λD  s ¯  λSCF
L
~
νion ~ ωpi  νc ~ ωRF ~ ωPSR  ωpe
Debye length
λD = √ E0 Te / e2 ne
thickness of modulated sheath
s¯ = √E0 V / e ne
collisionless skin depth
λSCF = √ me / μ0 e2 ne
plasma dimension L = 0.3m
ne = 2 × 1017 m−3
Rm ≈ 6.37 × 102
The electric bulk field is the
sum of four separate parts,
E = EC + ED + EN + EE.
Besides the driving power
(external excitation EE), the
three other contributing forces
are:
Conservative forces EC
Nonlinear sheath potential EN
Dissipation ED
SISCO
"What might appear
to be empty space is,
therefore, a seething
ferment of virtual
particles.
A vacuum is not
inert and
featureless, but
alive with
throbbing energy
and vitality.
A 'real' particle
such as an
electron must
always be viewed
against this
background of
frenetic activity.
When an electron
moves through space,
it is actually swimming
in a sea of ghost
particles of all
varieties –
virtual leptons,
quarks, and
messengers,
entangled in a
complex mêlée.
SISCO
The presence of the
electron will distort
this irreducible
vacuum activity, and
the distortion in turn
reacts back on the
electron.
Even at rest, an electron
is not at rest: it is being
continually assaulted by
all manner of other
particles from the
vacuum."
Paul Davies, Superforce: The Search for a Grand Unified
Theory of Nature, Simon and Schuster, NY, 1984, p. 105.
SISCO
Pulsed Plasma Ignition System
Technology of the
Future… Now!
SISCO
Sapphire Injection Systems Corp.