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AP Human Geography Ptolemy’s First World Map, c. AD 150 What is Geography? Geography is a representation of the whole known world together with the phenomena which are contained therein. Ptolemy, Geographia 2nd Century A.D. Geography is the science of place. Its vision is grand, its view panoramic. It sweeps the surface of the Earth, charting the physical, organic and cultural terrain, their areal differentiation, and their ecological dynamics with humankind. Its foremost tool is the map. Leonard Krishtalka, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 20th Century A.D. What is Geography? Geography is the study of what is where and why it’s there. Mr. Buck Okay, but what exactly is it? Well, it’s a way of thinking about intellectual problems, both natural and societal, which emphasizes the importance of spatial relationships.. Take any social, environmental, or physical question or problem and ask yourself whether there is a spatial aspect to it. Chances are that space and place play a role in the explanation and distribution of that question. Mike Reed, Making It Up As I Go For example: Why are so many plant and animal species becoming extinct at the end of the twentieth century? Why do there always seem to be been so many wars in Africa? Why is corn such an important part of a traditional Mexican diet? Why are some beers known as India Pale Ales? Divisions of Geography Physical Geography Rocks and Minerals Landforms Soils Animals Plants Water Atmosphere Rivers and Other Water Bodies Environment Climate and Weather Human Geography Population Settlements Economic Activities Transportation Recreational Activities Religion Political Systems Social Traditions Human Migration Agricultural Systems Geography is a bridge between the natural and social sciences. Geography is a holistic or synthesizing science. What is Human Geography? The study of how people make places, how we organize space and society, how we interact with each other in places and across space, and how we make sense of others and ourselves in our locality, region, and world. 6 Geography is a spatial study This means that geographers look at the way humans interact within and with their space. Spatial – of or pertaining to space on or near the Earth’s surface l how are things organized on Earth? l how do they appear on the landscape? l why? where? so what? 7 Spatial distribution What processes create and sustain the pattern of a distribution? Map of Cholera Victims in London’s Soho District in 1854. The patterns of victim’s homes and water pump locations helped uncover the source of the disease. 8 Key Geographic Concepts 1. Location – 2. 3. Where is it? Space l Patterns and regularities across Earth – depicted on maps; What is it like there? Place l Unique location of everything on Earth; What makes a place unique? 9 Key Geographic Concepts cont… 4. 5. Scale l truth is scale dependent, phenomena you study at one scale (e.g. local) may well be influenced by developments at other scales (e.g. regional, national, or global) Pattern l e.g. migration patterns, diffusion of cultures, languages, religions etc. 10 Key Geographic Concepts cont… 6. 7. Region l Areas formed by distinctive combinations of features; What do areas have in common? Interconnections (Globalization) l Relationships of places and regions; How does one area relate to another? 11 History of Geography The oldest existing map appears on a clay tablet made in Babylonia before 2000 B.C. They developed the system of dividing a circle into 360 degrees. Greek and Roman geographers measured (not always accurately) and devised a grid system of latitudes and longitudes Ptolemy (2nd c. CE) created first index of locations using grid 12 Ptolemy’s Map 13 The First Geographers Eratosthenes (273-192 BC) Father of Geography l First to use term l Geographica Calculated circumference of the Earth Produced map of “Known World” l 14 15 Advances in Geography included: al Idrisi – Muslim geographic compiler – master of “known world” circa 1050 CE 16 Exploration - 12th to 18th c. Portugal leads the early explorations – practical in nature The astrolabe, caravel (ship) and compass assist mariners from Europe who must map what they find In 1730, John Harrison discovered longitude. 17 Alexander von Humboldt (17691859) Naturalist l Traveled extensively l Scientific descriptions Focused on humanity’s interaction with nature l First to include humans as part of natural world 18 Carl Ritter (1779-1859) Organic view of geography Universal laws l Anatomy of the Earth 19 Carl Sauer (1889-1975) Rejected “environmental determinism” [human behavior is determined by one’s physical environment] His ideas l Cultural Landscape = visible imprint of human activity on the landscape l Possibilism = one’s natural environment only limits the range of choices 20 available to a culture Environmental Determinism Is when human behavior, individually and collectively, is strongly affected by-even controlled or determined bythe physical environment; climate is the critical factor in how humans behave. 21 Possibilism When the natural environment merely serves to limit the range of choices available to a culture. 1. Choices a culture makes depends on their needs and levels of technology 2. Environmental constraints are less binding as a culture increases its level of technology 22 Example of Possiblilism 23 The Cultural Landscape The result of the natural environment and all of the changes to it as a result of a particular culture. (Carl Sauer) l l Environmental Determinism: environment is primary determinant of culture. Possibilism: humans are primary determinant of culture. The Natural Landscape Physical characteristics of a locale 25 The Cultural Landscape Visible expression of human activity on the landscape Created by Carl Sauer Has layers of imprints from years of human activity. Successive occupiers bring own technological and cultural traditions and transform the landscape 26 Cultural Landscape cont… Sequent Occupance – l Layers of imprints in a cultural landscape that reflect years of differing human activity. l When an area has been occupied and transformed by successive residents l Area remains imprinted with each successive occupation which creates the cultural landscape 27 Sequent Occupance Athens, Greece ancient Agora surrounded by modern buildings 28 Sequent Occupance Dar es Salaam, Tanzania African, Arab, German, British, and Indian layers to the city. Apartment in Mumbai, India Apartment in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania 29 The Five Themes of Geography Place Human features Physical features Region united by similar physical conditions Region United by common cultural traits People adapt to the environment Interaction People change the environment Absolute location (latitude and longitude) Location Relative location (in relation to another place) Travel from place to place Movement Exchange of goods and ideas WHERE DID THE 5 THEMES COME FROM? The 5 Themes of Geography originated by the National Geographic Society to fulfill a need for geographers (people who study the earth and everything on it) categorize everything they learn. These 5 places are easy to remember. Just say the word “PRILM”. 31 WHAT IS “PRILM”? PRILM is a mnemonic device that can be used to help remember what the 5 Themes of Geography are. Simply put, take the first letter of each Theme to create the word PRILM. They are: Place Region Interaction (Human-Environment) Location Movement 32 Where Where Where Where is AIDs? do we find hunger? are American blacks? are cows produced? Describing Distributions Describing Distributions Diffusion • Relocation • Hierarchical • Contagious • Stimulus Tobler’s 1st Law of Geography All things are related. However, all other things being equal, those things that are closest together are more related. Related Concepts: l Distance Decay Place and Sense of Place Every place is unique. Imagine where you lived as a child. What made that special? l l l Sensory Architecture Symbolic Humanistic Geography - values the individual perspective. Place and Placelessness (Relph, 1978) What kinds of cultural values are reflected in each of these American houses? Gated community? Climate Characteristics Areas where certain climates can be found N.Y.C. Environmentally Determined? What about Bali, Indonesia? Key Concepts: Core-Periphery Core l l l l l Periphery U.S., Europe, Japan, Australia Wealthy Powerful Controls Media and Finance Technologically advanced l l l Less Developed Poor Dependent upon Core countries for: l l l l Education Technology Media Military Equipment Key Concepts: Core-Periphery Globalization The increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, political, and cultural change. The economic, cultural, and environmental effects of globalization are highly contested. Panama, 1997 Location Location: Where something is Absolute Location • Describes the exact location of a place. • Often described using Latitude and Longitude or an exact address (14051 Spriggs Rd.) 49 Location Relative Location l Describes where a place is in relation to something else. l Ex: Hylton is between Bottom Dollar & Saunders Middle School 50 Types of Maps There are three basic types of maps: PHYSICAL POLITICAL THEMATIC Physical Maps Show natural features of Earth. Do not contain man made features For example, it would appear as if you were looking down on Earth from space. Political Maps -show how humans impact landscape. ie:city names, roads, country borders -change frequently (physical maps change very, very slowly through geologic processes) and must be redrawn often. political map of the world that is 50 years old is no longer accurate. -wars and ethnic conflict are two major causes political maps change. Thematic Maps represent variety of information ie:climate, precipitation, vegetation, elevation, population, life expectancy generally used when looking at single piece of info Whenever we attempt to take a round globe and make it flat, we run into a problem. It is impossible to take a round Earth and make it look flat without stretching or “messing up” part of the earth. This part that gets messed up is called: 55 There are several ways that a map can be distorted: Shape: The shape of the landmasses change Area: Distance: The size of the landmasses change The distances between the landmasses change Direction: The directions between the landmasses change 56 It is distorted greatly at the poles and is least distorted near the equator. (ex: Greenland is huge compared to South America) This projection is useful for ship navigation because the directions are accurate. 57 The major problem with this projection is that it does not show all of the earth at one time. It is useful for airplane navigation because distance is shown correctly 58 The most commonly used map It minimizes distortion It is used most often for Data Representation because it has minimal distortion. 59 Shows correct sizes and shapes of landmasses by cutting out parts of oceans Impossible to measure distances accurately 60 Information can come from a variety of Geographic Sources GIS - Geographic Information Systems This system collects information from a variety of sources and compiles it by computer into useful forms. 61 Information can come from a variety of Geographic Sources Satellite Images Images taken from space have a variety of different uses: l Weather l Cartography l Defense 62 Aerial Photography & Remote Sensing 63 64 North Compass Rose Which way is up? Maps will usually give you a way to determine orientation. This may be a single direction arrow or a compass rose. NE N W East West SE S W South 65 An image or picture of the way space is organized as determined by an individual’s perception, impression, and knowledge of that space; also known as a cognitive map. 66 67 Isoline 68 Isoline - Contour 69 Dot map 70 Choropleth 71 Cartogram 72 Latitude and Longitude Lay down L O N G W A Y s Lines Longitude lines run north and south. Latitude lines run east and west. Measure distances in degrees. Latitude Longitude Lines of latitude are measured north and south of the equator and are also called parallels 75 Lines of Longitude are measured east or west of the Prime Meridian and are also called Meridians 0º 76 The Global Grid: Using Latitude and Longitude Coordinates Every measurement using latitude and longitude has a set of coordinates. One coordinate will be for degrees latitude north or south of the equator Ex: 30º North lat. is this line 30º South lat. is this line The other coordinate will be degrees east or west of the Prime (Greenwich) Meridian Ex 30 º East Longitude is this line 30 º West Longitude is this line Put the two together and you have a location Ex: 30 ºN, 30 ºE Latitude should always be listed first. Your north/south will be before your east/west 77 coordinate. Hemisphere (part or half of the world) The earth is divided into 4 hemispheres: North, South, East, and West. We live in the Northern and Western Hemispheres 78 Where is 0 degree? equator is 0 degree latitude. imaginary belt that runs halfway point between North Pole and South Pole. Equator Where is 0 degree? prime meridian is 0 degrees longitude. imaginary line runs through United Kingdom, France, Spain, western Africa, and Antarctica. Directions Cardinal directions are north, south, east, and west. Intermediate directions are northeast, southeast, southwest and northwest. Map Legends Objects or colors represent something on map. Religions Legend Time Zones Earth divided into 24 time zones, corresponding to 24 hours in day. As earth rotates, sun shines in different areas, moving from east to west during course of day. Places that have the same longitude will be in same time zone. Size and Scale Scale: tells us the relationship between the distance on the map and the true distance on the surface of the Earth. Scale can be represented 3 different ways: l Local l Regional l Global 89 Scale 90 Scale is a powerful concept because: Processes operating at different scales influence one another. - What is occurring across scales provides context for us to understand a phenomenon. - How to use the Scale To calculate distance measure the distance on the map and then place on the scale to measure the true difference Be careful to make sure you have the correct unit. Many maps have both miles and kilometers 92 Comparing maps of different scale Different maps need to show different levels of detail. Sometimes you need to show a lot detail for a small area, and sometimes you need to show little detail of a larger area. A Small-Scale Map shows a large area with small details. A Large-Scale Map shows a small area with large details. It is good for relative locations It is good for detailed looks 93 at small areas Map Scales The smaller the right hand number the larger the map scale 1:75000 is a more detailed map than 1:600000 which is a small scale map 94 95 Large-scale Small-scale 96 97 Scale Key Concepts REGION - an area that shares common characteristics l l l Formal - all members legally share a characteristic (U.S.A.) Functional - defined by a node of activity and distance decay from center (i.e. cell phone coverage) Vernacular – common perception of cultural identity (“Deep South”) Regions: Areas of Unique Characteristics Defined by certain unifying characteristics All have boundaries which are sometimes evident but are determined by point of view or perception of the definer 100 Formal/Uniform Region Areas where specific characteristics are uniform across space l Physical l l Cultural l l Tibet Francophone World Economic l European Union 101 Formal Region 102 Functional/Nodal Regions Specific social/economic relationships tie area together Usually a “core” and “periphery” l Metropolitan area 103 Functional Region 104 Functional Regions Functional Regions Perceptual/Vernacular Regions l l Ideas in our minds, based on accumulated knowledge of places and regions, that define an area of “sameness” or “connectedness.” e.g. “the South” or the “Bible Belt” Most are determined by local residents and may not be recognized by outsiders 107 Vernacular Regions 109 The 455 million people of North America produce more goods and consume more resources than those on any other continent. Canada and the United States share a 5,500mile (8,850-kilometer) border, the longest and one of the friendliest anywhere. Some 75 percent of the more than 260 million people in the United States live in towns and cities. Yet farmers, accounting for less than 2 percent of the population, lead the world in production of soybeans and corn. The continent has a relatively small population of only 319 million. The population of Brazil almost equals that of all the other South American countries combined. Industry accounts for one-third of the continent's economic activity. From 1990 to 1995 the countries of Europe mushroomed from 33 to 43, most of which have access to the ocean. In these countries live 686 million people who speak some 80 languages. Africa is home to 53 independent countries and 720 million people. Africa's population is expanding by 3 percent a year, the highest growth rate of any continent. Asia consists of more than 40 countries. Its population exceeds three billion. Asia has the distinction of having the most populous country in the world, China. Despite abundant claims to the Antarctic landmass, in 1991 the parties to the Antarctic Treaty proposed rules to safeguard the continent's environment and to prohibit mining for at least 50 years. The vastness of the oceans has long isolated this country continent. In this land that is virtually the same size as the contiguous United States, sheep outnumber the 18 million people. 9 Nations of North America 118