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Future Wireless Systems: Mobile Networks, Pervasive Computing, Testbeds, and Security Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey www.winlab.rutgers.edu 1 Introduction: IT & Telecom Evolution (1) Telecom Analog Telephone (~1880) Cellular Systems (~1985) Digital Telephone (ESS) (~1965) Broadband Switching (~1990) Information Tech Papyrus Scroll (B.C.) Cell Phones Everywhere (~2000) Paper Files (until ~1950) Mainframe Computing (~1950) Time-sharing (~1970) PC/local area network (~1985) Global Internet (~2000) 2 Introduction: IT & Telecom Evolution (2) Wireless Sensor Nets Telecom Internet + Telecom Cell Phones Everywhere (~2000) The Virtual World Global Internet (~2000) virtualized via sensors & actuators The Physical World Information Tech Digital Media Convergence (2000-2010) control data Global Internet for data & telecom Pervasive Computing (2015-) 3 Introduction: IT & Telecom Evolution (3) Some observations: The first wave of telecom connected places/devices rather than people Cellular phones changed the paradigm to connecting people anytime-anywhere Consumers demonstrate a strong preference for cellular over wired services – cellular long-distance call minutes now >> wired telephones The Internet connected people to the “virtual world” of information (books, documents, tickets, money,…) Ongoing convergence of the telecom network with the Internet will provide anytime-anywhere access to people and information the Mobile Internet The technology challenge is that of migrating from today’s separate Internet + mobile networks (GSM, CDMA, etc.) to a unified Mobile Internet Core technologies (high-speed radio, wireless data, VOIP, etc.) Network architectures (3G, mobile IP, 4G, …) 4 Introduction: IT & Telecom Evolution (4) Observations (contd.): The next major IT wave will be about expanding the Internet to process and manage information from the physical world (objects, events, places…) This will facilitate tighter integration of computing and communication with people’s daily lives…. Smart environments with embedded intelligence, access to location- and contextsensitive information in real-time, increased control of the physical world The technology challenge is that of creating sensor nets and pervasive computing environments that permit integration of physical & virtual worlds Core technologies (sensors, embedded wireless, low-power circuits,..) Network & software architectures (ad-hoc sensor nets, pervasive systems) Even a modest ~5% gain in physical world efficiency would result in a huge cost savings for the economy.... potential productivity impact of 100’s of B$ per year 5 WINLAB and Future Wireless Networks 6 Wireless Information Network Laboratory Cooperative industry-university research center at Rutgers University, focused on wireless technology In operation since 1989, with a strong track record of research contributions to wireless data networking Research program a mix of core R&D, focus projects and industry collaboration ~15-20 Industry sponsors, NSF, NJCST, … ~20 faculty/staff + ~40-50 students Starting in Fall 2001, WINLAB has executed a strategic growth plan that has significantly increased research scope/activity and taken the center into new areas such as sensor technology and ad-hoc networking… 7 WINLAB Activity Model Sponsor Fees, RU & Government research funds Additional Project Support Core Research Areas New system concepts, IPR, … DARPA Projects (e.g. Infostations) Major NSF Projects (e.g. ORBIT) NJCST Project (NJ Center for Wireless Comm) Tech Reports, Sponsor meetings, Software tools, etc. Focus Project(s) with Sponsor Companies Pre-commercial technology RU, NJCST.. (TBD) Tech Transfer Center (Planned) 8 WINLAB Overview: Industry Sponsors * Panasonic Aruba Networks * *Research Partners 9 WINLAB Prototypes: Medical Sensor with 802.11 WLAN First system-level MUSE prototype completed 11/03 New ECG interface board CerfCube platform with 802.11b (off-the shelf components) WINLAB drivers & networking software Next steps Make this prototype available to BioMed and UMDNJ collaborators Integrate with ZnO devices Continue work towards MUSE sensor SoP/SoC with low-power 802.11b 10 Future Wireless: “4G” Network Scenario MSC Internet (IP-based) Public Switched Network (PSTN) Custom Mobile Infrastructure (e.g. GSM, 3G) BSC Increasing use of fast, low-cost short-range radios Heterogeneous systems with multiple radio standards (3G, 4G, WLAN, UWB..) Uniform IP core network Self-organizing ad-hoc access networks New broadband services New embedded devices (sensors) Wide range of applications ( “pervasive computing systems” Generic mobile infrastructure GGSN, etc. BTS BTS WLAN Access Point Infostation cache WLAN Hot-Spot High-speed data & VOIP Relay node CDMA, GSM or 3G radio access network Voice (legacy) High-speed data & VOIP Broadband Media cluster (e.g. UWB or MIMO) Today Future Ad-hoc network extension VOIP (multi-mode) Low-tier clusters (e.g. low power 802.11 sensor) 11 WINLAB Testbeds: ORBIT Ivan Seskar 12 ORBIT: Project Rationale Shared multi-user facility for stimulating experimental wireless networking research across entire community Platform for reproducible evaluation of future wireless network protocols Facilitate large-scale wireless system experiments not feasible via simulation or case-by-case prototyping Gain experimental experience and skills in building large scale wireless/mobile networks with open API, etc. Progress on system emulation, modeling, measurements Research advances in future wireless network protocols via experimental projects & collaboration… 13 WINLAB Prototypes: ORBIT Testbed Open-access next-generation wireless network testbed being developed at Rutgers for NSF network research testbeds (NRT) program Large scale “radio grid emulator” for evaluating new concepts for future wireless networks, e.g. ad-hoc sensor nets, pervasive systems... Also, outdoor “field trial network” covering RU Busch & NB campuses for real-world application work Research User of Testbed ns-2+ scripts & code downloads Static radio node Global Internet Emulator Mapping Firewall Mobility Server “Open” API 3G BTS High Speed Net Wired routers Dual-mode Radio device Radio link emulation Mobile node (robotic control) 1. Radio Grid for Lab Emulation “Open” API Access Point (802.11b) 3G access link Ad-hoc link End-user devices 2. Field Trial Network 14 ORBIT: Testbed Facilities Simulation (Cluster) Compute facility to run simulations (NS) Extensions to ns-2 PHY modules for improved realism and cross-layer Emulation Grid 802.11a radio nodes (~25x25 @ 1m spacing) Mapping of various “typical” wireless net scenarios Open API for complete flexibility of OS/protocol software; Linux libraries Field Trial System Outdoor system for greater realism in protocol testing & for application development, live demos, etc. 3G base station with IP interface ~50 open API 802.11a AP’s covering RU NB campus, some downtown areas… Mobile AP’s on buses, etc. 15 ORBIT Testbed: Radio Grid VPN Gateway to Wide-Area Testbed Front-end Servers Gigabit backbone 80 ft ( 20 nodes ) 70 ft ( 20 nodes ) Data switch Application Servers (User applications/ Delay nodes/ Mobility Controllers / Mobile Nodes) Control switch SA1 SA2 SAP RF/Spectrum Measurements IS1 IS2 ISQ Interference Sources Back-end servers Internet VPN Gateway / Firewall 16 ORBIT Radio Node ORBIT Radio Node with integrated Chassis Manager Non-Grid Node Chassis Manager 17 Experiment Patterns Peer to peer Access Point WAN Retrieval Multiple Radios Multiple Access Points WAN Communication 18 ORBIT: Physical Facilities •~12,000 sq ft (Grid + Lab. space + Offices) •Rt 1 South @ Technology Center of NJ •“Move in” Fall/Winter 2004 19 ORBIT Testbed: Field Trial System 20 Lucent Technologies Bell Labs Innovations ORBIT: UMTS Base Station Router (BSR) Courtesy of Sanjoy Paul, Bell Labs 21 Pervasive Computing Yanyong Zhang 22 Future Wireless: Pervasive Systems Compute & Storage Servers Pervasive Application Agents User interfaces for information & control Mobile Internet (IP-based) Overlay Pervasive Network Services 3G/4G BTS Sensor net/IP gateway GW Relay Node Ad-Hoc Sensor Net A Sensor/ Actuator Ad-Hoc Sensor Net B Virtualized Physical World Object or Event 23 Future Wireless: Pervasive Applications (Frictionless Capitalism)**2 Find goods and services on your PDA as you walk through town Walk into your dept store and pick up what you need (no cashier!) “Smart” Transportation systems get routed around traffic jams in real-time receive collision avoidance feedback, augmented reality displays be guided to an open parking spot in a busy garage Airport logistics and security Walk on to your plane (except for physical security check) Find your (lost) bags via RFID sensors Airport authorities can screen passenger flows and check for unusual patterns Smart office or home Search for physical objects, documents, books Migrate your electronic media and documents between devices Maintain a “lifelog” that stores a history of events by location know where your co-workers and family members are 24 Future Wireless: Key Technologies for Pervasive Systems Sensors Tiny, low-power, integrated wireless sensors (hardware) Embedded OS and networking capabilities (software) Ad-hoc wireless networks Self-organizing sensor networks Scalable, capable of organic growth Interface to existing 3G/4G cellular and WLAN Power efficient operation new type of wireless network without planning or central control Pervasive computing software Dynamic binding of application agents and sensors Real-time orchestration of sensor net resources Robust, secure and failsafe systems emerging computer hardware category, optimized for size/power fundamentally different software model - not TCP/IP Windows or Unix!! Augmented reality, new displays, robotics, control, information processing... ...beyond the scope of this talk 25 Pervasive Computing: Software Model Ubiquitous or pervasive computing scenarios require a fundamentally new software model (…not TCP/IP or web!!): Large number of context-dependent sources/sensors with unknown IP address Content-driven networking (…not like TCP/IP client-server!) Distributed, collaborative computing between “sensor clusters” Varying wireless connectivity and resource levels Pervasive Computing Application Agent 2 Agent 3 Agent 1 Pervasive/Ubiquitous Computing Software Model Overlay Network for Dynamic Agent <-> Sensor Association Sensor Cluster B Sensor Cluster A Resource Discovery Ad-hoc Routing Run-time Environment (network OS) OS/Process Scheduling 26 Pervasive Computing: System Model Affinity Groups Autonomous Agents Content Network Hierarchical Ad-Hoc Data Network Sensors & Actuators Courtesy of Prof. Max Ott 27 Pervasive Computing: Process Orchestration Programming ad hoc control systems – Coordinated Flows Dynamic binding of application with sensors & actuators Orchestration of computing and network resources in real-time Allocate closest available space Look for parking space subscribe (plate-num, car-type, student) Parking Center Data Center Monitor incoming car Check parking space availability Check registration, Deduct parking fee Look for parking space: subscribe (plate-num, car-type, IAB guest) Incoming Car ( check ID: Registered student/faculty/staff, guest reservation? Fee deduction) Monitor available space Campus Parking Service courtesy of Prof. Manish Parashar 28 Wireless Security Wade Trappe 29 What are the major wireless security risks? Easy to intercept and monitor wireless traffic!!! Weak factory-installed security! Intrusions Denial of service attacks Jamming attacks 30 Drive By Hacking and War Driving Less than 1500ft * PalmPilot Mobile Phone If the distance from the Access Point to the street outside is 1500 feet or less, then a Intruder could also get access – while sitting outside 31 Packet Sniffing 32 Service Set Identifier (SSID) and their limits! Limits access by identifying the service area covered by the access points. AP periodically broadcasts SSID in a beacon. End station listens to these broadcasts and chooses an AP to associate with based upon its SSID. Use of SSID – weak form of security as beacon management frames on 802.11 WLAN are always sent in the clear. A hacker can use analysis tools (eg. AirMagnet, Netstumbler, AiroPeek) to identify SSID. Some vendors use default SSIDs which are pretty well known (eg. CISCO uses tsunami) 33 MAC Address Filtering The system administrator can specify a list of MAC addresses that can communicate through an access point. Advantage : Provides a little stronger security than SSID Disadvantages : Increases Administrative overhead Reduces Scalability Determined hackers can still break it 34 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) Designed to provide confidentiality to a wireless network similar to that of standard LANs. WEP is essentially the RC4 symmetric key cryptographic algorithm (same key for encrypting and decrypting). Transmitting station concatenates 40 bit key with a 24 bit Initialization Vector (IV) to produce pseudorandom key stream. WEP has been broken! Walker (Oct 2000), Borisov et. al. (Jan 2001), FluhrerMantin -Shamir (Aug 2001). Unsafe at any key size : Testing reveals WEP encapsulation remains insecure whether its key length is 1 bit or 1000 or any other size. Message CRC RC4(v,K) v Ciphertext Transmit 35 Jamming (Denial of Service) Broadcast radio signals at the same frequency as the wireless Ethernet transmitters - 2.4 GHz for 802.11b/g! To jam, you just need to broadcast a radio signal at the same frequency but at a higher power. Waveform Generators and the Microwave Oven! Yes, heating up your lunch aggravates your system administrator! What can one do? WINLAB’s solution, from Sun Tze’s Art of War: “He who can’t defeat his enemy should retreat!” Answers: Change your channel allocation Move your location! 36 Where to go from here? The future of communications is wireless! New Jersey has a proud history of innovation in wireless. Collaboration between university, government and industry will keep NJ as a leader in wireless! Research Ideas Core Focus Areas Collaboration With Industry and Government Adds Understanding Result: Synthesize a Statewide Portfolio of Innovations 37