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3G Networks
IS 373
James Grate
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Cellular Standards

“Generations”
• Early
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1G – analog, for voice only
2G – digital, for voice
• Converts analog into digital before modulating
and transmitting
• Most cellular providers currently use this
technology
• Now

Change in the needs of communication
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Evolution from 2G to 3G

GPRS
• Best-effort packet switched service used
for data transfer.
• Provides data rates from 56 kbps up to
114 kbps.

EDGE
• Evolved from GPRS.
• Can be used for packet switched
applications.
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Introduction of 3G

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Created by NTT docomo.
Commercially launch on Oct 1, 2001
in Japan.
Commercially released by major US
service provider Verizon Wireless in
Oct 2003.
Based on ITU standards, primarily
IMT-2000.
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3G Improvements


Basic telephone with data
communication
Higher speeds
• 144kbps to 348 kbps at driving speeds
• 384 kbps outside when still or slow
• 2Mbps to 14.4Mbps while or inside
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3G Standards

6 Air/Radio Interfaces
• W-CDMA
• CDMA 2000
• TD-CDMA/TD-SCDMA
• EDGE
• DECT
• WiMax
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Composition of 3G Networks

Layered Network
• Top: Service Layer
• Middle: Control Layer
• Bottom: Connectivity Layer
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Privacy and Security

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User Authentication
Network Authentication
Device Authentication
Data Monitoring
End to End
Reliability and Robustness

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Cost of Service & Phones.
Different Service Standards and
Costs.
Cost vs. Revenue.
Lack of Mobile Users.
International Obstacles.
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Interoperability and Support

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3G Enabled Devices
3G Networks
The Standard (IMT-2000)
ITU and Member Support
• National Members
• ITU
• Carriers
Maintainability and Ease of Use

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3G Enabled Devices
3G Networks
The Standard (IMT-2000)
4G



Technology that allows you to
connect anywhere
Automatic access technology
switches while maintaining TCP
connections
System support for voice and video
over IP
12
4G Possibilities
Competitors for 4G
 Long-Term Evolution (LTE)
• 4G path for Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access/Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System (W-CDMA/UMTS)
 Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB)
• 4G path for CDMA2000 operators
 IEEE 802.16m
• WiMax
All based on… OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access) designed for 100+Mbps in wide-area
mobile apps
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Progressing to 4G

HSDPA/HSUPA
• High-Speed Downlink and Uplink Packet
Access
• “3.5G” – considered so because of high
speeds

WiMax
• Some say this can also be 4G (Sprint)
• With OFDMA, this is faster than other
ways of connecting in 3G
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4G Requirements

High Quality of Service (QoS)
• Video and other services require this
• IP/MPLS can be used to guarantee this

Spectrum
• 4G requires 20MHz or more in a swath
of spectrum
• Limited, mobile communications already
have allocated spectrum!
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4G Spectrum
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700 Mhz band
• Benefit
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60% fewer cell sites
• Downside

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More customers = More $
New frequency? New handsets/devices!
• US Federal Communications Commission

Part of the band has been set aside for public
safety priority access
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4G Implementation
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New, all-IP network
LTE
• MIMO- Multiple Input Multiple Output
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Higher data rates with multiple antennas
More reliability
CDMA supporters (Verizon) may switch
Pseudo wires
• 60% less expensive then TDM or ATM
per bit
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4G Conclusion

Until 4G is officially defined, the idea
behind it is to predict what end users
want
• Knowing that, networks need to be able
to deliver the desired services in high
quality.
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References
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Kurose, James F. and Keith W. Ross. Computer Networking: A TopDown Approach Featuring the Internet. 3rd ed. New York: Pearson
Education, 2005.
Luna, Lynnette. "The Long Road to 4G." Telephony (11 Dec.
2007): 12-18. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Van Houten
Library, Newark, NJ. 3 May 2009
<http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&A
N=28053259&site=ehost-live>.
THRYFT, ANN. "3G WIRELESS DATA: about to break?." EDN 53.23
(13 Nov. 2008): 40-48. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Van
Houten Library, Newark, NJ. 3 May 2009
<http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&A
N=35457796&site=ehost-live>.
Kaplan, Peter. “Verizon and AT&T dominate airwaves auction.”
Reuters. 20 March 2008. 3 May 2009
<http://www.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idUSN2042023
420080320?feedType=RSS&feedName=technologyNews>
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Questions?
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