Download Lecture 25: Introduction to Network Security

CS 453
Computer Networks
Lecture 25
Introduction to Network Security
Network Security
Data networks have become the core
communication conduit for local, regional
and global communications
Once the esoteric domain of computer
scientists…
…no longer…
Now data communications network are
primary means of communications
worldwide
Network Security
Data communications networks carry
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Medical records
Critical health care data
Banking and financial information
National security secrets
….
…and of course, Youtube and our email
Network Security
The point – data networks are critical
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Lives, livelihoods, economy and countries depend on
them
Not only must they be present and operational, ..
But the must be secure
…and this is not just about people to people,
organization to organization communications,
but
The network itself
Network Security
So what do we mean by secure?
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Confidential communications – some messages
should only be read by the intended receiver
Authentication – we want to have confidence that a
message come from who we thought it came from
Integrity and nonrepudiation – that the message
received is the one sent, it has not been altered or
tampered with
Availability and access control – make network
resilient to security threats and only let agents use the
network that should be using the network and…
…and only in the way they are authorized to use it
Network Security
In part, network security means protecting
the network
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Building in safeguards and protections
Monitoring for attacks and intrusions…
And responding to these threats and
intrusions with newer better protections
Network Security
Confidentiality – Encryption
If we want to make sure that only the
intended recipient of a message can
understand the message, we need to
disguise it –
..That is encryption
Network Security
Encryptions basics –
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Imagine Alice and Bob
They are two routers in a network
And they need to send messages to each
other
Network Security
Encryptions basics –
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Alice send a message “Bob, I Love You,
Alice” to Bob
The message as is is referred to as “cleartext”
But Alice will encrypt it –
The encrypted form is called “ciphertext”
Network Security
Encryptions basics –
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Alice will use a key Ka to encrypt the
message m…
Bob will use another (possibly the same) key
Kbto unencrypt the message m
Alice sends Ka(m) to Bob…
Bob processes the ciphertext with
Kb(Ka(m))=m
Network Security
Encryptions basics –
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Symmetric key encryption – both keys are
identical and secret
Public Key encryption – A pair of keys are
used one known to everyone –
And one known only to the receiver (or sender) but
not both
Network Security
Encryptions basics –
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Caesar ciper – encode text using an offset in
the alphabet …
For example, if K=3, then A=D, B=E, …
…or I Love You = l oryh brx
Easy to crack, crack one symbol and you
crack the code
Network Security
Encryptions basics –
Monoalphabetic cipher – define an arbitrary mapping between
cleartext symbols and ciphertext symbols
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So, something like
a bcd ef…
mnbv cx…
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So, maybe “I Love You” i s “s gktc wky”
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Caesar cipher – key has 26 possible values
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Monoalphabetic cipher key has 26! possible values
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Harder to crack…
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But not that hard
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Why?
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Network Security
Encryptions basics –
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Polyalphabetic cipher
Use multiple monoalphabetic ciphers
And use them in repeating sequences to encrypt a
message
Suppose we have two cipher c1 and c2
We could use the sequece c1, c1, c2, c1, c1
That is, encrypt the first symbol with c1, then second
symbol with c1, third symbol with c2, …
Its getting harder to crack
Network Security
Data Encryption Standard (DES)
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NIST – 1993
Symmetric key for commercial and
nonclassified use
Encrypt messages in 64 bit pieces using 56
bit keys
Involves multiple “shuffles” and permutions of
the data…
See Kaufman (1995) for details
Network Security
Data Encryption Standard (DES)
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Is it good?
RSA challenge to break DES encryption 1997
Group of internet volunteers –
Cracked the code in less than 4 month
And earn $10k
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In 1999 – another group of internet
volunteers
Cracked the code in 22 hours
Network Security
Data Encryption Standard (DES)
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2001 NIST proposed a successor to DES –
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
Encrypts 128 bit blocks
Uses 128, 192, 256 bit keys
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NIST estimates that if a computer could crack
a 56 DES code in one second…
It would that the same computer 149 trillion
years to crack a 128 bit AES key
Network Security
Data Encryption Standard (DES)
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2001 NIST proposed a successor to DES –
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
Encrypts 128 bit blocks
Uses 128, 192, 256 bit keys
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NIST estimates that if a computer could crack
a 56 DES code in one second…
It would that the same computer 149 trillion
years to crack a 128 bit AES key
Network Security
Symmetric Key Encryption
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Requires sender and receiver both to have a
key, …
And the sender and receiver key have to be
identical
But how to they get these keys
They can’t transmit them
The can’t encrypt them then transmit them
Network Security
Public Key Encryption
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Imagine – Bob has two keys
One (Kb-pub) is a public which he will share with
anyone
One (Kb-pri) is private and not shared with anyone
A message encrypted with Bob’s Kb-pub can only
be decrypted with Bob’s Kb-pri
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Kb-pri(Kb-pub(m)) = m
Network Security
Public Key Encryption
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Bob has two keys
So, if Alice wants to send Bob an encrypted
message…
She must first request a copy of Bob’s public key
– Kb-pub
Alice then encrypts the message using Kb-pub
and an agreed upon encryption algorithm…
… and send the message
Bob receives the message, and…
Decrypts is using his private key Kb-pri
Network Security
Public Key Encryption
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Takes care of confidentiality
Recall that in symmetric key encryption—
the keys were secret, so
Under normal circumstances you can assume that
if a message arrived that had been encrypted with
that key, it came from the source that you think it
came from…
Unless it was stolen (that’s what spies are for)
Network Security
Public Key Encryption
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…but with Public Key Encryption anyone can
get the public key, so you don’t know if the
message really came from Alice, even it is
says it did.
i.e. can’t do authentication
Network Security
Public Key Encryption Algorithms
RSA Public Key Encryption –widely used
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Choose two large prime numbers p and q
Compute n = pq and z=(p-1)(q-1)
Choose a number e, less than n- has no
common factors (except 1)with z
Find a number d, where ed-1 is evenly
divisible by z
Public key Kpub =(n,e)
Private key Kpri = (n,d)
Network Security
Public Key Encryption Algorithms
RSA Public Key Encryption
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Then for a message m, we encrypt
C = me mod n
And decrypt –
M = cd mod n
Remember Alice has e
And only Bob has d
Network Security
Public Key Encryption Algorithms
RSA Public Key Encryption
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Suppose Bob picks p=5 and q=7
n=35 and z=24
Choose e=5 since 5(e) and 24(z) have no
common factors
Choose d=29 since ed-1 mod z = 0 (5*29)-1
mod 24 =0
Bob give Alice his Kpub which is e
Alice encrypts the message “hi” and sends to
Bob
Network Security
RSA Public Key Encryption
Alice encrypts with e=5, n=29
Cleartext
Numeric value
me
C=me mod n
h
68
1453933568
3
i
69
1564031349
34
Bob decrypts with d=29, n=35
C
cd
M=cd mod n
cleartext
3
6.86304E13
68
h
34
2.58755E44
69
i
Network Security
Authentication – is it really who we think it
is?
Host-based authentication
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Message have IP address of source
So, authenicate based on IP address in
message header
Easy to fake,
IP spoofing
Network Security
Authentication
Password authentication
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Use a password in a message …
Or to establish a connection
Easy to capture password, especially if
cleartext
Sniffing
Network Security
Authentication
Encrypted Password authentication
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Encrypt a password and use it in a message
Or to establish a connection
Still can capture encrypted password…
And play it back when password needed
Playback attack
Network Security
Authentication
Public Key authentication
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Just like data stream encryption we can use
Public Keys to encrypt password for
authentication
Alice wants to send a message to Bob…
Bob send Alice his public key
Alice encrypts her password with Bob’s public
key, and transmit
SSH
Network Security
Public Key authentication
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Man-in-the-middle attack
Bob wants to send a message to Alice
Carol sends Bob her public key saying it is from
Alice,
Carol also obtains Alice’s public key (it is public)
Bob sends a message to Alice using Carol’s
public key and Carol intercepts it
Carol decrypts and reads the message
Carol encrypts the message with Alice’s public
key
And sends it to Alice saying it is from Bob
…and no one is the wiser
Network Security
Data integrity – is really the right data
We need some way to assure the receiver
that the message contents are really the
message contents that were sent
In the paper world we sign reports,
expense accounts statements, etc. to
vouch for the accuracy (integrity) of the
information in the reports or statements
…so
Network Security
Data integrity
Digital signatures
 Encrypt a document using a private key
 What?
 BTW, public/private keys are two way
 If I encrypt with my private key, since it
is not public, I had to be the one that
encrypted it (my signature)
Network Security
Data integrity
Digital signatures
 Note: it the message is altered after it is
digitally signed.
 Kpub(Kpri(M)) will not result in m
 i.e. it will not decrypt
Network Security
Data integrity
Message digests
 Digital signatures are expensive
 Alternative
 Create a message digest
Use Hash function – like CRC, Checksum
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Then digitally sign the message digest
MD5
Network Security
Data integrity
Message digests
 Original message is sent in cleartext…
 Along with digitally signed message
digest
 Receiver computes second message
digest on received message
 If two message digests match, message
is good
Network Security
Access control
Firewalls
 Packet Filtering
IP source or destination address
TCP or UDP port numbers
ICMP message types
Connect initiation datagrams using SYN
and ACK bits
Network Security
Access control
Firewalls
 Packet Filtering
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Controlled by rules
Permit this, deny that
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Order of evaluation of rules important
Network Security
Access control
Firewalls
 Application Gateways
Sometimes packet filtering is not enough
Maybe you want certain authenticated users to be
able to use a service from specific IP addresses
but not others
Application Gateways are intermediate services –
connect to gateway, the gateway connects to the
service of interest
Network Security
Access control
Firewalls
 Application Gateways
For example, suppose you want to let certain
users telnet out of the network, but not everyone
User wanting to Telnet out, telnets to telnet
gateway
User authenticates to gateway
User provide gateway with telnet destination
Gateway telnets to destination
Gateway relays telnet packet between user and
service
Network Security
Threats
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Mapping – port scanning
Packet sniffing
Spoofing
Denial of Service Attacks
See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denial_of_service
“That’s all I have to say about that.”
Forest Gump