Download GRAMMAR (note the spelling!)

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WHAT IS A SENTENCE?
 A sentence is a group of words that has a subject (noun or
pronoun), predicate (verb), and makes a complete
thought.
▪ Ex. John hit the ball.
subject
▪ Answers
predicate
1. who or what (the subject) - John
2. does what (the verb/predicate) - hit
3. to what (the direct object) – the ball
Are the following sentences?
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Likes loud music
A popular musician
Because we know the drummer
I cried
Lost for hours in the deep, dark woods
The dog barked
Even though he had worked a long time on the
project
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Clause: a group of words that contains a verb and its subject
and used as part of a sentence
 Phrase: a group of words without a subject and/or verb
 Independent Clause: has a subject and a verb and expresses
a complete thought
 She wants a cheese sandwich.
 The boys rode their bikes to the beach.
 Dependent Clause: has a subject and a verb but does not
express a complete thought and cannot stand alone
 Because I was tired
 If I had known the truth
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Simple: A group of words that contains a
subject and a verb and makes a complete
thought. This is an independent clause.
Bob ran a mile.
After dinner, I went to the mall.
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Compound: Two independent clauses
brought together by a coordinating
conjunction + comma or a semi-colon
 I went to the store, and I went to the gym.
 She ate her popcorn; it was stale.
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Complex: An independent clause + a
dependent clause or a dependent clause + (,)
an independent clause
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I ate a big dinner because I was hungry.
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Because I was hungry, I ate a big dinner.
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Compound/Complex: A sentence made up of
at least two independent clauses + one
dependent clause.
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After I sang in the concert, I went home, and I
slept for hours.
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WHAT IS A FRAGMENT?
 A fragment is a group of words that does not
make a complete thought and is not a sentence.
▪ Ex 1: After he ran
▪ Ex 2: Once in a while
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A RUN-ON SENTENCE (sometimes called a
"fused sentence") has at least two parts,
either one of which can stand by itself (in
other words, two independent clauses), but
the two parts have been put together instead
of being properly connected.
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EX: The boy ate his sandwich he was really
hungry.
Nouns
2. Pronouns
3. Verbs
4. Adjectives
5. Adverbs
6. Prepositions
7. Conjunctions
8. Interjections
1.
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DO NOW: List two nouns for each category
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persons
places
things
ideas/qualities
A noun is a word used to name a person, place, thing,
or idea. They can be singular or plural (two or more).
Plurals are formed by adding –s, -es, changing –y to –
i and adding –es, and with changes in spelling as in
man to men.
 Examples: car-cars, baby-babies, fox-foxes
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common noun: a word that names any one of a
group of persons, places, things, or ideas and is not
capitalized.
 proper noun: a word that names a particular
person, place, thing, or idea and is always
capitalized.
 concrete noun: names an object that can be
perceived by the senses.
 abstract noun: names an idea, a feeling, a quality,
or a characteristic
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Compound noun:
 Consists of two or more words and is used as a single
noun.
 May be written as two or more words or as a hyphenated
word
▪ Ex: bodyguard, high school, great-grandmother
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Collective noun:
 Singular in form and names a group of people or
things
▪ ex: family
A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or
another pronoun.
 You use pronouns like "he," "which," "none," and
"you" to make your sentences less cumbersome and
less repetitive.
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EX: Parker gave Parker’s dog the dog’s bath. (wrong)
 How would you change the above using pronouns?
 Parker gave her dog its bath.
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Common pronouns are personal and possessive forms
 Ex. of personal: I, him, she
 Ex. of poss.: My, her, their, theirs, hers, mine (these
never take an apostrophe)
Indefinite pronouns express an amount or refer to an
unspecified person or thing.
 Ex: most, somebody, anything
Demonstrative pronouns point to specific people or things
 Ex: that, this
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Interrogative pronouns begin a question (so you’ll have
a question mark at the end of the sentence)
 who, what
Reflexive pronouns end in –self or –selves and refer
to an earlier noun or pronoun (ex: herself,
themselves)
An adjective modifies or describes a noun or
pronoun.
 Adjectives will always answer one of the following
questions:
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 What kind? Ex: gray clouds, crisp apple, quiet pond
 How many? Ex: three weeks, several mistakes
 How much? Ex: less noise, more dessert
 Which one? Ex: first answer, this jacket, next year
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There are also ARTICLES (which are
adjectives).
 Indefinite articles refer to any one member of a
group: a, an
 Definite articles point out a particular noun: the
WHY DO WE USE ADJECTIVES?
▪ To make writing sharper
▪ To provide imagery for the reader
Action Verbs: Verbs used to show that somebody
has done something
 Action verbs can also be actions you can't see such
as: Sue thought about pets. She wanted a puppy.
 Action verbs are time-telling verbs. They also tell
when something takes place.
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 My dog runs faster than yours. (present tense)
 Yesterday he ran around the block. (past tense)
 Tomorrow he will run in a race. (future tense)
Actions verbs may be used alone as the main verb of a
sentence.
 EX: My kitten fell into the pond.
Or the action verb may use a helping verb:
EX: If you get too close to the edge, you will fall too.
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If you're unsure whether a sentence contains an action
verb or not, look at each word in the sentence and ask
yourself "Is this something a person or thing can do?"
For example: During the summer, my poodle constantly
pants.
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Helping Verbs do not stand alone or
express action.
ex: We are helping the third grade
class.
ex: Hank might have been driving
the wrong way.
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Linking Verbs never show or express an action. They
connect nouns or pronouns to other information in the
sentence.
 ex:
Mario is a computer hacker.
 ex:
The picture appeared blurry.
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How can you tell when verbs are actions vs. linking verbs? Substitute
AM, IS, ARE for the verb and if it still makes sense, then it's a linking verb.
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ex:
Chris tasted the crunchy potato chip.
(Revise: Chris is the crunchy potato chip.) - TASTE = Action
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ex:
Your supper smells delicious.
(Revise: Your supper is delicious.)
Adverbs are words used to describe or modify verbs,
adjectives, or other adverbs. They often tell when,
where, why, or under what conditions something
happened. Adverbs frequently end in -ly
 They give more information about a verb.
 We use adverbs to make writing more interesting.
 Describe the man’s actions:
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▪ He’s working quickly.
▪ He’s working carefully.
▪ He’s working hard.
He’s working slowly.
He’s working fast.
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Adverbs give information about the time,
place, and manner of the action.
 Frank worked yesterday. (WHEN)
 Steve works here. (WHERE)
 They work well together. (HOW)
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Adverbs have many possible positions within
a sentence.
 Quickly, he finished his work.
 He quickly finished his work.
 He finished his work quickly.
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Adverbs can be used to compare actions.
 Frank works more quickly than Steve.
 Steve works more carefully than Frank.
 Which worker works more efficiently?
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Adverbs can modify adjectives.
 Paul is a very good worker.
 Sandy is frequently busy.
 Our teacher is always patient with us.
Adverbs of manner answer the question, how?
 She spoke softly, loudly…
 Adverbs of time answer the question, when?
 Pete will paint later.
 Adverbs of number answer, how often?
 Michele went to the Superbowl twice.
 Adverbs of place answer, where?
 The flower petals were scattered everywhere.
 Adverbs can modify other adverbs.
 Don’t eat too quickly.
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The words not and never are ALWAYS
adverbs.
 Samantha would not eat her bologna sandwich.
▪ Not is an adverb modifying the verb eat.
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Many people confuse good and well.
 Good is an adjective describing a noun.
▪ It was a good game.
 Well is an adverb describing a verb.
▪ I did well on that test.
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Words that join words or group of words
Three types of conjunctions: coordinating,
correlative, and subordinating
Coordinating Conj. include AND, OR, BUT,
FOR, and NOR.
 They connect words, phrases, and clauses of equal
value (meaning they can stand on their own as
separate sentences).
▪ EX: John is running in this race and I am carrying his
water bottle.
▪ Correlative conj. connect items of the same value but are used in
pairs.
▪ EITHER/OR, NEITHER/NOR, NOT ONLY/ BUT ALSO,
WHETHER/OR, BOTH/AND
▪ Remember that when either is used without or and neither
is used without nor, it acts as adjectives or pronouns.
▪ Either movie seems to be a good choice. -used as adj.
▪ Neither was good. - used as a pronoun
EXAMPLES OF CORRELATIVE CONJUCTIONS
He watched both the lions and the tigers.
Neither Don nor I will go.
Jean recycled not only consistently but also carefully.
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Sub. Conj. introduce dependent clause (can’t
stand alone as a sentence) and is, therefore,
dependent on the rest of the sentence.
 EX: Since I will not be home, Tina will answer the
phone.
 MOST COMMON SUB. CONJ = after, although,
as, as if, as long as, as soon as, because, before,
even though, if, once, since, so that, than, though,
unless, until, when, whenever, where, wherever,
whether
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Prepositions show relationships between
nouns or pronouns and other words in a
sentence.
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Prepositional phrases generally contain the preposition and an object of the
preposition. Objects of the preposition MUST be nouns. Here are some example:
In bed (in, preposition and bed, noun)
To Texas (to, preposition and Texas, noun)
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The noun may have modifiers.
In the big bed (in, preposition / the, article / big, adjective / bed, noun)
To the grocery store (to, preposition/ the, article/ grocery, adjective / store,
noun)
**Rule**
 Subjects and verbs can NEVER be found in prepositional
phrases. It is a good habit to learn to spot prepositional
phrases. Use parentheses to mark them; then, when you are
looking for the subject and verb of the sentence, it will
narrow down the search.
 EXAMPLE: The boy by the window on the other side of the
room was looking over his shoulder at the pretty girl in the
hall.
 The boy (by the window)(on the other side)(of the room) was
looking (over his shoulder)(at the pretty girl)(in the hall.)
Subject = boy
Predicate = was looking
A word about "to." When "to" is used with a
noun, it is a preposition; but when it is used
with a verb, it is an infinitive. Be careful to
recognize the difference.
 Examples:
To bed (to plus noun) = preposition
To sleep (to plus verb) = infinitive
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Interjections are exclamatory words that
express strong emotion.
 Ex1: Wow! That was cool.
 Ex2: Holy cow! I dropped my cereal.
 Ex3: Ouch! That hurt.
 Ex4: Oh, I didn’t know that.
Most mild interjections are treated as parenthetical elements and set
off from the rest of the sentence with a comma or set of commas. If the
interjection is more forceful, however, it is followed with an exclamation
mark. Interjections are rarely used in formal or academic writing.
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Create a dialogue where you and a partner
have a conversation (about anything
appropriate). Each person has to have at
least 3-5 speaking parts (so there will be a
total of 6-10 lines). You must both use a
different interjection in each speaking line.
Interjections
FOR EXAMPLE:
 Leah: Oh my gosh! Did you see the news?
 David: Um, actually, I didn’t get to see it.