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Internet Basic Definitions
Dr. Baker Abdalhaq
Internet

The Internet is the worldwide, publicly
accessible network of interconnected
computer networks that transmit data using
the standard Internet Protocol (IP). It is a
"network of networks" that consists of
millions of smaller domestic, Academic,
business, and government networks ,which
together carry various information and
services, such as electronic mail, online
chat, file transfer,and the interlinked Web
pages and other documents of the World
Wide Web.
E-mail

is a store-and-forward method of
writing, sending, receiving and saving
messages over electronic
communication systems.
Instant Messaging (IM)

is a form of real-time communication
between two or more people based on
typed text. The text is conveyed via
computers connected over a network
such as the Internet.
Internet Relay Chat (IRC)

is a form of real-time Internet chat or
synchronous conferencing. It is mainly
designed for group communication in
discussion forums called channels, but
also allows one-to-one communication
via private message, as well as chat
and data transfers via Direct Client-toClient.
File transfer protocol (FTP)

A protocol for file transfer or file
transfer protocol is a convention or
standard that controls or enables the
transfer of files between two
computing endpoints.
TELNET
(TELecommunication NETwork)

is a network protocol used on the
Internet or local area network (LAN)
connections. It was developed in 1969
beginning with RFC 15 and
standardized as IETF STD 8, one of
the first Internet standards.
Usenet

a portmanteau of "user" and "network",
is a world-wide distributed Internet
discussion system. It evolved from the
general purpose UUCP architecture of
the same name.
A newsgroup

is a repository usually within the
Usenet system, for messages posted
from many users at different locations.
The World Wide Web

commonly shortened to the Web) is a
system of interlinked hypertext
documents accessed via the Internet.
With a Web browser, a user views
Web pages that may contain text,
images, videos, and other multimedia
and navigates between them using
hyperlinks
A Web page

or webpage is a resource of
information that is suitable for the
World Wide Web and can be
accessed through a web browser. This
information is usually in HTML or
XHTML format, and may provide
navigation to other web pages via
hypertext links.
Website


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is a collection of Web pages ,images, videos or other digital
assets that is hosted on one or more web servers ,usually
accessible via the Internet.
A Web page is a document, typically written in HTML ,that is
almost always accessible via HTTP ,a protocol that transfers
information from the Web server to display in the user's Web
browser.
The pages of websites can usually be accessed from a
common root URL called the homepage ,and usually reside on
the same physical server. The URLs of the pages organize
them into a hierarchy, although the hyperlinks between them
control how the reader perceives the overall structure and how
the traffic flows between the different parts of the sites.
A static website

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is one that has web pages stored on the server in the same form as
the user will view them. They are edited using three broad
categories of software:
Text editors .such as Notepad or TextEdit ,where the HTML is
manipulated directly within the editor program
WYSIWYG editors. such as Microsoft FrontPage and Adobe
Dreamweaver( previously Macromedia Dreamweaver), where the
site is edited using a GUI interface and the underlying HTML is
generated automatically by the editor software
Template-based editors, such as Rapidweaver and iWeb ,which
allow users to quickly create and upload websites to a web server
without having to know anything about HTML, as they just pick a
suitable template from a palette and add pictures and text to it in a
DTP-like fashion without ever having to see any HTML code .
dynamic website

is one that has frequently changing information or collates
information on the hop each time a page is requested. For
example, it would call various bits of information from a
database and put them together in a pre-defined format to
present the reader with a coherent page. It interacts with users
in a variety of ways including by reading cookies recognizing
users' previous history, session variables, server side
variables etc., or by using direct interaction (form elements ,
mouseovers ,etc.). A site can display the current state of a
dialogue between users, monitor a changing situation, or
provide information in some way personalized to the
requirements of the individual user.
Domain Name System (DNS)

associates various information with domain names ;
most importantly, it serves as the" phone book "for
the Internet by translating human-readable
computer hostnames ,e.g .www.example.com ,into
IP addresses ,e.g ,208.77.188.166 .which
networking equipment needs to deliver information.
A DNS also stores other information such as the list
of mail servers that accept email for a given
domain. By providing a worldwide keyword-based
redirection service, the Domain Name System is an
essential component of contemporary Internet use.
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)



is a network protocol used to transfer data from one
computer to another through a network, such as
the Internet.
FTP is a file transfer protocol for exchanging and
manipulating files over any TCP-based computer
network. A FTP client may connect to a FTP server
to manipulate files on that server. As there are
many FTP client and server programs available for
different operating systems ,FTP is a popular choice
for exchanging files independent of the operating
systems involved.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
)HTTP(



is a communications protocol for the transfer of information on the intranet
and the World Wide Web .Its original purpose was to provide a way to publish
and retrieve hypertext pages over the Internet.
HTTP development was coordinated by the World Wide Web Consortium
(W3C) and the Internet Engineering Task Force( IETF), culminating in the
publication of a series of Request for Comments( RFCs), most notably RFC
2616( June 1999 ,)which defines HTTP/1.1, the version of HTTP in common
use.
HTTP is a request/response standard between a client and a server .A client
is the end-user, the server is the web site .The client making an HTTP request
- using a web browser ,spider ,or other end-user tool - is referred to as the
user agent .The responding server - which stores or creates resources such
as HTML files and images - is called the origin server .In between the user
agent and origin server may be several intermediaries, such as proxies ,
gateways ,and tunnels .HTTP is not constrained to using TCP/IP and its
supporting layers, although this is its most popular application on the Internet.
Indeed HTTP can be "implemented on top of any other protocol on the
Internet, or on other networks. HTTP only presumes a reliable transport; any
protocol that provides such guarantees can be used".
Hypertext Transfer Protocol
)HTTP(



Typically, an HTTP client initiates a request. It establishes a
Transmission Control Protocol( TCP) connection to a particular port
on a host (port 80 by default; see List of TCP and UDP port
numbers .)An HTTP server listening on that port waits for the client to
send a request message. Upon receiving the request, the server
sends back a status line, such as "HTTP/1.1 200 OK", and a
message of its own, the body of which is perhaps the requested file,
an error message, or some other information.
The reason that HTTP uses TCP and not UDP is because much data
must be sent for a webpage, and TCP provides transmission control,
presents the data in order, and provides error correction. See the
difference between TCP and UDP.
Resources to be accessed by HTTP are identified using Uniform
Resource Identifiers( URIs) (or, more specifically ,Uniform Resource
Locators( URLs)) using the http :or https URI schemes.