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ANCIENT ROME Romulus and Remus Beginnings of Rome The Legend- Rome founded by twins Romulus and Remus. Sons of the god Mars & a virgin princess, were to be killed at birth but left by the Tiber River. Raised by a she-wolf until found by a shepherd. Romulus killed Remus in an argument and built a city on the 7 hills where they grazed their sheep. The Truth- it is a great site for a city central location in Italy, fertile land, near the Tiber River, near the coast. Early Settlers • Latins- farmers/shepherds, built the first buildings, Language • Greeks- religion, architecture, culture, crops • Etruscans- art (mosaics), metalwork (weapons) • Early Rome had a monarchy. • Etruscan King Targuin overthrown in 509 BC. Romans swore never to have another king. THE ROMAN REPUBLIC “Republic”- Latin means “public affairs” Leaders were elected - free male citizens voted Power Struggle 1- Patricians- upper class, land owners, most power 2- Plebeians- middle - lower classes, farmers, merchants, artisans. Could not be in Senate. Patricians Roman soldier and slave Plebeians Early Roman Government *The Consuls- 1 ran military 1 ran gov’t One-year terms WHY? *The Senate- elected for life, 300 members *The Assemblies- or tribunes – soldiers, merchants, etc. *Dictators- elected in times of crisis Twelve Tables • First Roman law- citizens’ rights, especially Plebeians (marriage law, criminal law, business law) • Laws posted in the Forum (central meeting area in Rome) for all to see The Roman Army • • • • “The Legion” Stood at least 5,000 strong infantry and cavalry All Roman men required to serve, great fighters, armed with the best equipment ROMAN EXPANSION Conquered all of Italy The conquered: -could apply for Roman citizenship (not all accepted) -Had to live in Rome to vote -Kept local govt. & customs -Had to pay Roman taxes The Punic Wars Carthage - North Africa, Rome wanted it. The term Punic comes from the Latin word Punicus (or Poenicus), meaning "Carthaginian" First Punic War- Rome took Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia Second Punic War- Hannibal attacked Rome through Spain and over the Alps. Hannibal won many battles (used elephants). Rome attacked Carthage. Hannibal called home - too late Third Punic War- Rome destroyed Carthage THE RISE OF JULIUS CAESAR Caesar rose to power through military victories in Gaul (France) Very popular w/ poor B/cm Military Consul First Triumvirate: 60-49 Marcus Crassus (d. 53 BCE) Pompey (the Great) (106-48 BCE) Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE) JULIUS CAESAR Civil War Caesar defeated Pompey (his friend) for control of Rome Declared dictator, gave money & land to poor, ignored Senate, passed his own laws. Adopted Julian calendar • • • • • Assassinations of US presidents: Abraham Lincoln - Lincoln was shot in the head while watching a play on April 14, 1865. His assassin, John Wilkes Booth escaped and was later shot and killed.Conspirators who helped plan Lincoln's assassination were found guilty and hung. Lincoln died on April 15, 1865. James Garfield - Charles J. Guiteau, a mentally disturbed government office seeker, shot Garfield on July 2, 1881. The president did not die until September 19th of blood poisoning. This was related more to the manner in which the physicians attended to the president than to the wounds themselves. Guiteau was convicted of murder and hanged on June 30, 1882. William McKinley - McKinley was shot two times by anarchist Leon Czolgosz while the president was visiting the Pan-American Exhibit in Buffalo, New York on September 6, 1901. He died on September 14, 1901. Czolgosz stated that he shot McKinley because he was an enemy of working people. He was convicted of the murder and electrocuted on October 29, 1901. John F. Kennedy - On November 22, 1963, John F. Kennedy was mortally wounded while riding in a motorcade in Dallas, Texas. His apparent assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, was killed by Jack Ruby before standing trial. The Warren Commission was called to investigate Kennedy's death and found that Oswald had acted alone to kill Kennedy. Many argued, however, that there was more than one gunman, a theory upheld by a 1979 House Committee investigation. The FBI and a 1982 study disagreed. Speculation continues to this day. Death of Caesar Feared & hated by the Senate Stabbed by Senators on March 15, 44 BC Civil War Octavian After the death of Caesar Octavian & Marc Antony (Caesar’s generals) fought over Rome - 13 years Octavian defeated Antony Octavian b/cm “Augustus”“Exalted One” - the 1st Roman emperor. Marc Antony Cleopatra Battle of Actium Cleopatra’s Death PAX ROMANA- ROMAN PEACE 27 BC- 180 AD Begins under Augustus • Created a civil service postal system, census takers, tax collectors. • Created jobs building roads, temples, farming- jobs to poor. • Improved Roman Agriculturemost important industry, 90% of the people involved in food production • Expanded the empire- 10,000 miles from Britain to Africa to Asia. Roman Roads “All roads lead to Rome.” Road Construction CHRISTIANITY Life of Jesus- b. Bethlehem (4 BC) Jewish carpenter, began preaching at 30 *Followers- apostles/disciples. *He told of only one God, believers have salvation & everlasting life. *He b/cm the Messiah Death on the Cross *Jews feared Jesus- WHY? *Romans feared Jesus- WHY? *Jerusalem in 29 AD, Jesus welcomed by great crowds. Pontius Pilate arrested Jesus & sentenced him to be crucified. Jesus tortured, carried his cross thru the city & nailed to the cross. After death he was sealed in a tomb, 3 days later his body disappeared. Spread of Christianity- The Apostles spread the word of Jesus *Paul only saw Jesus in a vision, lifetime spreading gospel (good news) *Peter spent life teaching of Jesus, b/cm first Pope BAD EMPERORS Caligula (ruled 37-41 AD) ruled at 24, mentally unstable, tortured / killed 1,000s, incest w/ sisters, threatened to appoint his horse to the senate, assassinated by his own men Nero (54-68 AD)- burned Rome (burned poor areas) blamed fires on Christians, executed Christians, thought he was an artist/musician (not very good), committed suicide. Domitian (81-96 AD)- paranoid about being assassinated, executed thousands assassinated Roman Sport- The Gladiators Gladiators were criminals or slaves who were forced to fight wild animals & each other Winners b/cm heroes and celebrities, but still slaves Battles - to the death Inside the Colosseum DISASTER STRIKES • 79 AD - Mt. Vesuvius erupted, buried the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum in volcanic ash and lava. • Poison gas killed most of the people. The ash hardened - preserved a look at the Roman life. Mt. Vesuvius Victims THE HEIGHT OF ROME 96-180 AD THE GOOD EMPERORS TRAJAN- b. Spain- 1st nonItalian *helped the poor esp. children *Forum of Trajan- largest baths in the world, Column of Trajan *military victories- territory all the way to China. HADRIAN- cousin of Trajan *empire too big, gave land back to locals *built Hadrian’s Wall in Britain empire’s northern border *mostly toured the empire *b/cm sick & died after the death of his lover in Egypt. Forum of Trajan Roman Bath THE GOOD EMPERORS ANTOIUS PIUS- finished projects (temples, bridges) started by Hadrian Gave money & gifts to the poor MARCUS AURELIUS & LUCIUS VERUS- co-emperors Trained/educated by Hadrian & Pius Ruled together for 8 years Defended Rome’s borders often Helped poor Verus died- plague ROMAN ACHIEVEMENT GRECO-ROMAN CIVILIZATION • combo Greek & Roman cultures • Roman Art- realism, frescoes & mosaics • Roman Architecture- perfected the column and arch CONCRETE • 1st domed building- the Pantheon- still standing Mosaics Roman Fresco Roman Architecture Colosseum Colosseum Colosseum Model Colosseum Roof Pantheon ROMAN DECLINE • political / economic problems after 180AD • Commodus- gladiator emperor - bad • Emperors- overthrown or assassinated- Rome had 26 different emperors in 50 years • economic recession • people had to pay high taxes to support gov’t. & the army • farmland overused, b/cm unproductive • farmers became slaves to rich landowners LAST CHANCE- SAVE THE EMPIRE Diocletian (284-313AD) -“price freeze” edict -people pay taxes over time -Divided empire *EAST- Greek lang., Greece - East, Diocletian ruled *WEST - Latin speaking, West, Maximian ruled Constantine (284-313 AD) Adopted Christianity, now the official religion of Rome Moved the capital to Byzantine (Turkey) Named it Constantinople Invasion of the Empire Western - Roman Empire attacked by Barbarians (anyone not Roman) Visigoths- attacked Rome- in 408 AD Vandals- sacked Rome in 455 AD Saxons- British Isles Franks- central Europe Ostrogoths- eastern Europe Attacks from Asia The Huns Led by Attila 100,000 strong Plundered 70 Roman cities Never captured Rome. Rome population went from 1 million to 20,000. The End of Rome The Last Emperor- Romulus Augustulus, age 14 powerless, forced to step down by invaders. The Western Empire over The Eastern Empire b/cm Byzantine Empirecontinued Greco-Roman culture Byzantine Empire *Emperor Justinianconquered N. Africa, Italy and Spain- b/cm the new Caesar *Justinian Code- 5,000 Roman laws, lasted 900 years, opinions on laws, textbook on laws and new laws Byzantine Empire Constantinople Hagia Sophia Byzantine Empire Constantinople- center of trade- products afar (tin from England, silk from China) Hagia Sophia- church built by Justinian Hippodrome- chariot races The Plague- killed thousands Attacks- destroy empire The Church Divided Roman Catholic West – Latin Pope Pope over kings Priests not marry No divorce vs. Eastern Orthodox East – Greek Patriarch/bishops Emperor over church Priests marry Some divorce *Schism – splitting of the church