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Etruscans Italic-speaking peoples enter Italy by 1000 B.C.E. Etruscans dominated northern Italy Ruled by kings Military ruling class Traded with the Greeks Etruscans conquered Latium by 6th century B.C.E. Rome fell under Etruscan control and influence Early indirect Greek influence on Romans Roman army, under Etruscan rule, conquered most of Latium Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Royal Rome Branches of early Roman government Roman kings • Possessed power of imperium • Immense power, even though elected • Candidate chosen by Senate Senate • Served for life • Most powerful men in the state Curiate assembly • Made up of all citizens Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Early Roman Family Center of Roman life was the family Power of the father Powers similar to imperium Status of women Protected place in society Could only be divorced for serious offenses Clientage Two classes divided at birth Patricians Plebeians Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Roman Republic Last king removed by revolt in 509 B.C.E. Constitution – unwritten laws and customs Consuls Two patricians elected yearly Other officials Centuriate assembly Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Struggle of the Orders Plebeian struggle for political, legal and social equality Plebeian connection to the army Elected tribunes Twelve Tables 450 B.C.E. Plebeians won right to marry patricians 445 B.C.E Decisions of plebeian assembly binding on all Romans – 287 B.C.E. Wealthy plebeians could enter politics and share privileges of the patrician aristocracy Domestic peace under a republic constitution Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Roman Expansion Romans defeated Latin League in 338 B.C.E. Romans did not destroy Latin cities Some near Rome granted full citizenship Others farther away granted municipal status Loyal allies could improve status Even gaining full Roman citizenship Policy gave allies a stake in Rome’s future Most remained loyal under every challenge Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Rome and Carthage First Punic War 264-241 B.C.E. Romans built fleet and captured Sicily Second Punic War 218-202 B.C.E. Hannibal 247-182 B.C.E. • Battle of Cannae 216 B.C.E. Scipio Africanus 237-183 B.C.E. • Battle of Zama 202 B.C.E. Result – Rome ruled the seas Third Punic War 149-146 B.C.E. Destruction of Carthage Imperial System- provinces Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Conquest of Hellenistic World Macedon Philip V and Perseus Macedon defeated in 168 B.C.E. Seleucids Antiochus III Defeated in 189 B.C.E. Corinth – destroyed in 146 B.C.E. Spaniards defeated in 134B.C.E. Carthage – city destroyed in 146 B.C.E. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Greek Influence on Romans Religion Roman gods with Greek equivalents Education Initially at home – practical and moral Change because of contact with Greeks Study of language, literature and philosophy Humanitas – idea of a liberal education Rhetoric Some fear that it would weaken the Romans Upper class girls received a similar education Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Roman Imperialism Roman conquest unplanned Designed to provide security for Rome Conquest brought Rome an empire And with it power, wealth, responsibility Transformation of Roman society Rise of Latifundia Split between rich and poor • Landed and landless Tremendous strains on society Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Gracchi Expressed strains on society Tiberius Gracchus – 168-133 B.C.E. Tribune on program of land reform Tiberius and 300 followers killed Transformation of Roman politics Fundamental concepts and bloodshed Gaius Gracchus – 159-121 B.C.E. New Colonies for landless veterans Stabilizing price of grain Gaius and 3000 followers killed Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Marius and Sulla Gaius Marius – 157-86 B.C.E. Novus homo Changes in army – use of volunteers Semiprofessional clients of their general Lucius Cornelius Sulla – 138-78 B.C.E. Defeated Marius in civil war, appointed dictator, restored senate, retired 79 B.C.E. Dangerous precedent • General using loyalty of troops to take power and massacre opponents Republic is collapsing under the strain Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Ciceronian Civilization Cicero – 106-43 B.C.E. Treatises on rhetoric, ethics, and politics World governed by divine and natural law that human reason could perceive Law Jus gentium – “law of peoples” Jus naturale – “natural law” Poetry Lucretius – On the Nature of Things Catullus – personal poetry Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Fall of the Republic First Triumvirate Crassus, Pompey and Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.E.) Dictatorship of Julius Caesar Reforms Assassination – March 15, 44 B.C.E. Second Triumvirate Marcus Antonius, Lepidus and Octavian (63 B.C.E.-14 C.E.) Battle of Actium – 31 B.C.E. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Augustan Principate Octavian as “princeps” or “imperator” Administration Union of political and military power Reduced inefficiency and corruption Brought in promising young men Suppressed ambitious individuals Army and defense Religion and morality Restoration of traditional values Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Age of Augustus Golden Age New spirit of the age Patronage of Augustus Virgil – Aeneid Horace – Odes Ovid – Ars Amatoria and Metamorphoses Livy – History of Rome Architecture and sculpture Massive building program Ara Pacis Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Rulers of the Early Empire Augustus – 27 B.C.E.-14 C.E. Julio-Claudian Dynasty Tiberius 14-37; Caligula 37-41; Claudius 43-54; Nero 54-68; Year of the Four Emperors 69 Flavian Dynasty Vespasian 69-79; Titus 79-81; Domitian 81-96 Good Emperors Nerva 96-98; Trajan 98-117; Hadrian 117-138; Antonius Pius 138-161; Marcus Aurelius 161-180 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Administration of the Empire Roman goal was to raise urban centers to the status of municipalities The Romans Enlisted the upper classes of the province in their own government Spread Roman law and culture Won the loyalty of the influential people Bureaucracy becomes more efficient But also larger Conservative and defensive foreign policy Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Culture of the Early Empire Silver Age Writing is gloomy and pessimistic Stoic opposition to power of emperor Architecture Copied Greek ideas, but built much larger Pantheon Social problems Much of initial zeal was gone Population declined People kept happy with “bread and circuses” Apartment Houses Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Jesus of Nazareth Effective teacher in tradition of Jewish prophets Prophets had taught coming of Messiah who would establish Kingdom of God on earth Jesus insisted Messiah would not establish earthly kingdom– instead Messiah would bring an end to world as humans know it on the Day of Judgment Taught faithful to abandon worldly concerns and follow the moral code of the Sermon on the Mount Told followers to believe in him and divine mission Tremendous following among poor Death Believed resurrection Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Paul of Tarsus - 5-67 C.E. Roman citizen trained in Hellenistic culture Pharisee who persecuted early Christians Conversion outside Damascus – 35 C.E. Split with Judaism Decision to preach to Gentiles Felt that Jesus’ followers had to be evangelists Taught that Jesus would return on day of judgment Faith in Jesus as the Christ was necessary but not sufficient for salvation Salvation was a gift of God’s grace Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Organization of Early Church Few rituals Baptism by water removed original sin Agape – common meal Eucharist – celebration of the Lord’s supper Simple organization Presbyters – “elders” Deacons – “those who serve” Bishops – episkopoi or “overseers” • Maintained communication • Prevented doctrinal and sectarian splintering Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Formation of the Early Church Persecution of the early church Emergence of Catholicism Catholic means “universal” Body of majority opinion By 2nd century – Orthodox canon included Old Testament, Gospels and Epistles of Paul Faith becomes more complex and rigid Rome as a center of the early church Peter and Paul Old center of empire Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Crisis of the Third Century Barbarian invasion Germanic tribes – most notably Goths Septimius Severus and military monarchy Economic difficulties Shortage of soldiers and workers Trade hampered – bad roads and brigandage Social order and disorder Distinction between honestiores and humiliores Claudius II Gothicus and Aurelian restore order Army mainly made up of German mercenaries Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Imperial Reorganization Diocletian – r. 284-305 Tetrarchy Constantine – r. 306-337 Right to rule from god New capital at Constantinople Christianity Peace and unity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Division of the Empire Julian the Apostate – r. 361-363 Huns Split – Valentinian and Valens in 364 Latin in west and Greek in east Theodosius – r. 379-395 Attempts to reunite empire – failed West becomes increasing rural East flourished under Byzantines Combination of classical culture, Christian religion, Roman law, eastern artistic influences Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Triumph of Christianity Imperial persecutions – Diocletian Constantine and conversion Theodosius – Christianity as official religion Ambrose excommunicated Theodosius in 390 Arius of Alexandria – 280-336 Jesus not co-eternal and co-equal with God Athanasius- 293-373 “orthodox” view Council of Nicaea in 325 Nicene Creed Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. Culture in the Late Empire Attempts to preserve classical culture Christian writers Jerome – Vulgate Bible Eusebius of Caesarea – Ecclesiastical History Augustine – 354-430 • Confessions • City of God City of God was immortal Faith is essential and primary, but not a substitute for reason Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved. “Problem” of the Fall of Rome Many theories for decline and fall of Rome Soil exhaustion Plague Climatic change Lead poisoning Slavery Limitations in science and technology And more… Maybe it’s simpler – only surprise is that empire lasted as long as it did Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.