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Etruscans
Italic-speaking peoples enter Italy by 1000 B.C.E.
Etruscans dominated northern Italy
Ruled by kings
Military ruling class
Traded with the Greeks
Etruscans conquered Latium by 6th century B.C.E.
Rome fell under Etruscan control and influence
Early indirect Greek influence on Romans
Roman army, under Etruscan rule, conquered
most of Latium
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Royal Rome
Branches of early Roman government
Roman kings
• Possessed power of imperium
• Immense power, even though elected
• Candidate chosen by Senate
Senate
• Served for life
• Most powerful men in the state
Curiate assembly
• Made up of all citizens
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Early Roman Family
Center of Roman life was the family
Power of the father
Powers similar to imperium
Status of women
Protected place in society
Could only be divorced for serious offenses
Clientage
Two classes divided at birth
Patricians
Plebeians
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Roman Republic
Last king removed by revolt in 509 B.C.E.
Constitution – unwritten laws and customs
Consuls
Two patricians elected yearly
Other officials
Centuriate assembly
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Struggle of the Orders
Plebeian struggle for political, legal and social equality
Plebeian connection to the army
Elected tribunes
Twelve Tables 450 B.C.E.
Plebeians won right to marry patricians 445 B.C.E
Decisions of plebeian assembly binding on all Romans
– 287 B.C.E.
Wealthy plebeians could enter politics and share
privileges of the patrician aristocracy
Domestic peace under a republic constitution
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Roman Expansion
Romans defeated Latin League in 338 B.C.E.
Romans did not destroy Latin cities
Some near Rome granted full citizenship
Others farther away granted municipal status
Loyal allies could improve status
Even gaining full Roman citizenship
Policy gave allies a stake in Rome’s future
Most remained loyal under every challenge
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Rome and Carthage
First Punic War 264-241 B.C.E.
Romans built fleet and captured Sicily
Second Punic War 218-202 B.C.E.
Hannibal 247-182 B.C.E.
• Battle of Cannae 216 B.C.E.
Scipio Africanus 237-183 B.C.E.
• Battle of Zama 202 B.C.E.
Result – Rome ruled the seas
Third Punic War 149-146 B.C.E.
Destruction of Carthage
Imperial System- provinces
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Conquest of Hellenistic World
Macedon
Philip V and Perseus
Macedon defeated in 168 B.C.E.
Seleucids
Antiochus III
Defeated in 189 B.C.E.
Corinth – destroyed in 146 B.C.E.
Spaniards defeated in 134B.C.E.
Carthage – city destroyed in 146 B.C.E.
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Greek Influence on Romans
Religion
Roman gods with Greek equivalents
Education
Initially at home – practical and moral
Change because of contact with Greeks
Study of language, literature and philosophy
Humanitas – idea of a liberal education
Rhetoric
Some fear that it would weaken the Romans
Upper class girls received a similar education
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Roman Imperialism
Roman conquest unplanned
Designed to provide security for Rome
Conquest brought Rome an empire
And with it power, wealth, responsibility
Transformation of Roman society
Rise of Latifundia
Split between rich and poor
• Landed and landless
Tremendous strains on society
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Gracchi
Expressed strains on society
Tiberius Gracchus – 168-133 B.C.E.
Tribune on program of land reform
Tiberius and 300 followers killed
Transformation of Roman politics
Fundamental concepts and bloodshed
Gaius Gracchus – 159-121 B.C.E.
New Colonies for landless veterans
Stabilizing price of grain
Gaius and 3000 followers killed
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Marius and Sulla
Gaius Marius – 157-86 B.C.E.
Novus homo
Changes in army – use of volunteers
Semiprofessional clients of their general
Lucius Cornelius Sulla – 138-78 B.C.E.
Defeated Marius in civil war, appointed dictator,
restored senate, retired 79 B.C.E.
Dangerous precedent
• General using loyalty of troops to take power and massacre
opponents
Republic is collapsing under the strain
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Ciceronian Civilization
Cicero – 106-43 B.C.E.
Treatises on rhetoric, ethics, and politics
World governed by divine and natural law that human
reason could perceive
Law
Jus gentium – “law of peoples”
Jus naturale – “natural law”
Poetry
Lucretius – On the Nature of Things
Catullus – personal poetry
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Fall of the Republic
First Triumvirate
Crassus, Pompey and Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44
B.C.E.)
Dictatorship of Julius Caesar
Reforms
Assassination – March 15, 44 B.C.E.
Second Triumvirate
Marcus Antonius, Lepidus and Octavian (63 B.C.E.-14
C.E.)
Battle of Actium – 31 B.C.E.
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Augustan Principate
Octavian as “princeps” or “imperator”
Administration
Union of political and military power
Reduced inefficiency and corruption
Brought in promising young men
Suppressed ambitious individuals
Army and defense
Religion and morality
Restoration of traditional values
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Age of Augustus
Golden Age
New spirit of the age
Patronage of Augustus
Virgil – Aeneid
Horace – Odes
Ovid – Ars Amatoria and Metamorphoses
Livy – History of Rome
Architecture and sculpture
Massive building program
Ara Pacis
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Rulers of the Early Empire
Augustus – 27 B.C.E.-14 C.E.
Julio-Claudian Dynasty
Tiberius 14-37; Caligula 37-41; Claudius 43-54; Nero
54-68; Year of the Four Emperors 69
Flavian Dynasty
Vespasian 69-79; Titus 79-81; Domitian 81-96
Good Emperors
Nerva 96-98; Trajan 98-117; Hadrian 117-138;
Antonius Pius 138-161; Marcus Aurelius 161-180
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Administration of the Empire
Roman goal was to raise urban centers to the
status of municipalities
The Romans
Enlisted the upper classes of the province in their own
government
Spread Roman law and culture
Won the loyalty of the influential people
Bureaucracy becomes more efficient
But also larger
Conservative and defensive foreign policy
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Culture of the Early Empire
Silver Age
Writing is gloomy and pessimistic
Stoic opposition to power of emperor
Architecture
Copied Greek ideas, but built much larger
Pantheon
Social problems
Much of initial zeal was gone
Population declined
People kept happy with “bread and circuses”
Apartment Houses
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Jesus of Nazareth
Effective teacher in tradition of Jewish prophets
Prophets had taught coming of Messiah who would
establish Kingdom of God on earth
Jesus insisted Messiah would not establish earthly
kingdom– instead Messiah would bring an end to world as
humans know it on the Day of Judgment
Taught faithful to abandon worldly concerns and follow the
moral code of the Sermon on the Mount
Told followers to believe in him and divine mission
Tremendous following among poor
Death
Believed resurrection
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Paul of Tarsus - 5-67 C.E.
Roman citizen trained in Hellenistic culture
Pharisee who persecuted early Christians
Conversion outside Damascus – 35 C.E.
Split with Judaism
Decision to preach to Gentiles
Felt that Jesus’ followers had to be evangelists
Taught that Jesus would return on day of judgment
Faith in Jesus as the Christ was necessary but not
sufficient for salvation
Salvation was a gift of God’s grace
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Organization of Early Church
Few rituals
Baptism by water removed original sin
Agape – common meal
Eucharist – celebration of the Lord’s supper
Simple organization
Presbyters – “elders”
Deacons – “those who serve”
Bishops – episkopoi or “overseers”
• Maintained communication
• Prevented doctrinal and sectarian splintering
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Formation of the Early Church
Persecution of the early church
Emergence of Catholicism
Catholic means “universal”
Body of majority opinion
By 2nd century – Orthodox canon included Old
Testament, Gospels and Epistles of Paul
Faith becomes more complex and rigid
Rome as a center of the early church
Peter and Paul
Old center of empire
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Crisis of the Third Century
Barbarian invasion
Germanic tribes – most notably Goths
Septimius Severus and military monarchy
Economic difficulties
Shortage of soldiers and workers
Trade hampered – bad roads and brigandage
Social order and disorder
Distinction between honestiores and humiliores
Claudius II Gothicus and Aurelian restore order
Army mainly made up of German mercenaries
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Imperial Reorganization
Diocletian – r. 284-305
Tetrarchy
Constantine – r. 306-337
Right to rule from god
New capital at Constantinople
Christianity
Peace and unity
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Division of the Empire
Julian the Apostate – r. 361-363
Huns
Split – Valentinian and Valens in 364
Latin in west and Greek in east
Theodosius – r. 379-395
Attempts to reunite empire – failed
West becomes increasing rural
East flourished under Byzantines
Combination of classical culture, Christian religion,
Roman law, eastern artistic influences
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Triumph of Christianity
Imperial persecutions – Diocletian
Constantine and conversion
Theodosius – Christianity as official religion
Ambrose excommunicated Theodosius in 390
Arius of Alexandria – 280-336
Jesus not co-eternal and co-equal with God
Athanasius- 293-373 “orthodox” view
Council of Nicaea in 325
Nicene Creed
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Culture in the Late Empire
Attempts to preserve classical culture
Christian writers
Jerome – Vulgate Bible
Eusebius of Caesarea – Ecclesiastical History
Augustine – 354-430
• Confessions
• City of God
 City of God was immortal
 Faith is essential and primary, but not a substitute for reason
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“Problem” of the Fall of Rome
Many theories for decline and fall of Rome
Soil exhaustion
Plague
Climatic change
Lead poisoning
Slavery
Limitations in science and technology
And more…
Maybe it’s simpler – only surprise is that empire lasted
as long as it did
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