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Byzantine Empire Top 10 Events • By the year 400, the Roman Empire had split into two parts. The Empires in the west was attacked by warlike tribes and collapsed in 476, but the Empire in the east survived for another thousand years. The eastern Empire was known as the Byzantine Empire because its capital city, Constantinople, was originally called Byzantium. Religious Split • Christians in the Byzantine Empire developed their own style of church building and held services in Greek, instead of Latin. The Byzantine Church was led by the patriarch in Constantinople. After many quarrels between the Patriarch and the Pope (the head of the church in the west), the Byzantine Church split away from the Church in the west. The Byzantine Empire • 1. Developed branch of Christianity called Orthodox Christianity - In the east Orthodox Christianity was more localized than Christianity produced by Roman Catholics, which was centralized. Russian Orthodox Church was aligned with Byzantine, which made Russia culturally different from the other great powers due to the influence of Byzantine's Orthodox Christianity. • 4. In 1054 Pope excommunicated the patriarch of Constantinople• From this point forward Orthodoxy influenced the east and Roman Catholicism the west. Justinian’s Empire • In the 6th century, the Byzantine Emperor Justinian won back many of the lands that had once been part of the Roman Empire. Under him, the Byzantine Empire was larger than it would ever be again. • 2. Justinian ruled from 527 to 565Former glory and unity of Roman Empire somewhat restored in Constantinople. Region flourished in trade and arts. Running the Empire • Justinian’s dream was to create a great Christian empire. With the help of his wife, Theodora, he set up a new system of laws, and gave orders for many churches to be built. Priests, artists and merchants all visited his palace. • 3. Justinian Code- A codification of Roman law that kept ancient Roman principles alive. Evolution of jurisprudence led to modem legal systems. Defending the Empire • The Byzantines fought constant battles against Muslim Arabs and Turks. They were threatened by tribes from the north, and even had to fight against Crusaders from western Europe, who were supposed to be on their side. • 5. Alexios I Komnenous, ruler of the Komnenian dynasty- He recovered the failing empire, which took harsh measures to save empire. Conscription introduced (citizens to serve in armed services). Byzantine Art • Byzantine artists were famous for their delicate embroidery and ivory carving. They also created huge, glittering mosaics and painted dramatic religious portraits, called icons. • 8. Golden Age- Reached its height under Macedonean emperors in the late 9th, 10th and early 11 th centuries. Trade, arts, culture were very productive in this period. Growth in education, learning and art flourished. • 9. 12th century- Revival of the mosaic art and regional schools of architecture began producing many distinctive styles. • By far the most significant building of the Byzantine Empire is the great church of Hagia Sophia (Church of the Holy Wisdom) in Constantinople (532-37), which retained a longitudinal axis but was dominated by its enormous central dome. Perhaps it was meant to show the church as an image of the world with the dome of heaven suspended above, from which the Holy Spirit descended during the liturgical ceremony. • 6. Used coined money- A very desirable way to do business. Coined money remained remarkably stable. Alexios's coinage using the new hyperpyron (highly refined coin) was the standardized coin for 200 years. Hagia Sofia • 7. Hagia Sophia- An enormous cathedral that still stands today (but now is a mosque). • The Byzantine Empire began to look less like the Roman Empire as the years passed. The empire covered Greece, the Balkans, Asia Minor, Syria, and Egypt. The Byzantine emperors still thought of themselves as the successors of Caesar Augustus, but over the years Roman influence gradually disappeared. The end of the Empire • After Justinian’s death, the Empire became smaller and smaller. Seljuk Turks began moving into the Byzantine Empire from Central Asia in the eleventh century. The Turks had recently become Muslims, and the Byzantine emperor feared they would soon overpower his Christian empire. He asked the leader of the Christian church-the Pope-to assist in a holy war against the Turks. . • In 1095, Pope Urban II launched the first of many Crusades, or "wars of the cross." The Crusades were ultimately unsuccessful because the Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire. The city first called Byzantium and later Constantinople is now known as Istanbul, Turkey. Turkish has replaced Greek as the language of Asia Minor, and 99.8% of the people in modern Turkey are Muslims. • 10. Fourth Crusade- This was the single most catastrophic event of the Byzantine Empire. Crusaders attacked the Byzantine capital. This horrible sacking of Constantinople occurred on April 13, 1204. Summary Paragraph The Byzantine Empire was important to the development of economics, society and politics in other regions for several reasons. The Byzantine Empire was distinct from the Roman Empire. • It used the Greek language; its culture had distinctive domes; its culture in general had more in common with Eastern cultures like those of Persia; and its brand of Christianity became an entirely separate branch known as Orthodox Christianity • Byzantium was really the only stable state in Europe during the Middle Ages. They shielded Western Europe from the Persians, Arabs, Turks and for a time the Ottomans. The economy was the most advanced in Europe for many centuries. They had the preferred currency for 200 years. Their wealth was unmatched by any other State. . Byzantium was the most important western terminal of the Silk Road. It was the most important commercial center for much of the Medieval era. • Byzantium played an important role in the transmission of classical knowledge to the Islamic world and to Renaissance Italy. The Renaissance could not have flourished if it were not for the groundwork laid in Byzantium. Flocks of Greek scholars fled to the West after the fall of the Empire The evolution of jurisprudence led to modem legal systems. Orthodox Christianity spread to Slavic peoples. All of this had a dramatic effect on the economics, society and politics of other cultures .