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Julius Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar • • 100-44 BC Born into a patrician family who claimed to be descended from Venus. – Patrician: upper-class, noble – Plebeian: lower-class, peasant • Suffered from epilepsy. • Rose from general, to statesman, Timeline • 60 BC: formed the First Triumvirate with Crassus and Pompey. – Triumvirate: “rule of three men,” a political alliance • 53 BC: Crassus died. • 51 BC: conquest of Gaul. • 49 BC: Caesar defied Pompey and the Senate, who ordered him to return to Rome. Caesar attacked Pompey’s forces in Spain, Greece, Octavius (Caesar Augustus) • • • Julius Caesar’s grandnephew and heir. Formed the Second Triumvirate with Mark Antony and Lepidus to defeat Caesar’s assassins. Defeated Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium. Mark Antony • • • • Loyal supporter, friend, and distant cousin of Julius Caesar. Studied rhetoric and philosophy in Athens. Known for wild living and gambling. Became the administrator of Italy and Caesar’s second in command. Brutus • • • Possible illegitimate son of Julius Caesar who was next in line as his heir after Octavius. Supported Pompey in the battle against Caesar, but was later forgiven by Caesar and made governor of Gaul. Feared that Caesar would become too powerful as a dictator, which Cassius • • • • Co-conspirator and brother-in-law of Brutus. Planned and convinced most of the people to join the conspiracy, although Brutus was commonly seen as the leader. Remained sure in his desire to assassinate Caesar, while Brutus hesitated before joining. Wanted to assassinate Antony too, but Brutus decided against it. Calpurnia • • Warned Caesar not to go to the capitol on the Ides of March because of the nightmares she had the night before predicting his death. Delivered Caesar’s personal papers and possessions to Mark Antony. Porcia Catonis • • • • Brutus’s wife and the daughter of Cato. The only woman who knew about the assassination plot. Wounded herself in the thigh to show her loyalty to Brutus. Committed suicide upon Rome before and after Caesar • • Roman Republic: 509-44 BC – Ruled by a constitution and senate – Out of the Senate, a consul was elected who served for one year. – Julius Caesar was named consul, then dictator, which ended the Republic Roman Empire: 27 BC-476 AD – Began when Octavius was named Caesar Augustus and emperor of Rome.