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Unit 5
Rome
Chapter 14: Roman Beginnings & Republic
1. The first group of people to establish a civilization in Rome were
the Etruscans.
2. The Etruscans established a monarch rule by King/Queen.
3. In 509 BCE, the Romans overthrew the Etruscans and established
a republic.
4. The Roman Republic had a hierarchal format.
Consul
*Two Ruler
*Head of government and army
Senate
300 members
known as Patricians
wealthy landowners—
aristocrats
controlled foreign and
financial policies
advised consul on all
matters
*selected by assembly
*1 year term
Assembly
Commoners and
merchants
Known as Plebeians
Select consuls
Make laws
Elect tribunes to govern
in the provinces
Judicial
*Called Praetors
*8 judges chosen for one year by the Assembly
*created two civil and criminal courts
*created courts to govern over provinces
5. The Assembly created Rome’s 1st laws called the Twelve
Tables.
6. The Roman capital was located on the peninsula of Italy.
7. Roman military power was based on a well trained and
well organized army divided into legions.
8. In an effort to control the Mediterranean world, Rome
engaged in three wars with Carthage.
9. These wars were called the Punic Wars.
10. In winning the Punic Wars, Rome became the dominant
power in the world and controlled the entire
Mediterranean region.
11. Rome’s conquest did have some negative effects, including:
a. small farms disappeared
b. large estates were created in which slaves did most of the work.
c. Most farmers had to leave their land and move to the cities
d. The patricians and plebeians fought a civil war over land
12. Some Roman leaders in the Senate tried to solve Rome’s problems
by doing the following:
a. The Gracchi brothers looked to give land to the poor and provide free
wheat to the hungry.
b. Gaius Marius looked to give power to the army.
c. Lucius Sulla tried to give more power to the Senate.
d. Julius Caesar had himself crowned permanent dictator of Rome and
pushed through many social reforms.
13. Julius Caesar was very popular
with the people of Rome, but
members of the Senate feared
his power and they
assassinated him on March 15,
44 BCE (Ides of March).
14. After Caesar’s death, power
was divided between Mark
Antony, Octavian, and
Lepidus.
15. In 31 BCE, Octavian was
crowned the first emperor
(Caesar) of Rome. Rome’s
government changed from a
republic to an empire.
Chapter 15
The Roman Empire
•
Complete Vocabulary
1. Octavian, better known as Augustus Caesar, became the first
emperor of Rome in 27 BCE.
2. For the first 200 years of the Roman Empire, Rome went through
a golden age. This period was known as the Pax Romana.
3. During the Pax Romana…
a. Trade increased
b. Laws were standardized
c. All children were allowed to attend school until at least 12 years old
d. Free games were staged in the Circus Maximus and Colosseum
4. Around 200 CE, the Pax Romana ended and Rome went into a
decline for the following reasons:
•
A. Too Big!!!!
•
B. Rome became overcrowded causing pollution, crime, and
unemployment.
•
C. Rome experienced a string of bade emperors.
•
D. From 235-284 CE, Rome had 19 emperors. During the Pax
Romana, Rome had only 5 Emperors.
•
E. Inflation
•
F. Mercenaries in the army
•
G. Poverty
•
H. Germanic invasions
5. From 284-337 CE, two good emperors ruled over Rome—
Diocletian and Constantine I.
6. Diocletian…
a. Reduced inflation
b. Created jobs

c. Fortified their borders

d. Restored people’s faith in government

e. Ruled by Divine Right

f. Reorganized the empire into two parts: East (Byzantium)
and West (Rome)
7.
Constantine I…
a. Defined very rigid social
classes.
b. Defeated the Germans in a
major battle in Europe.
c. Wealthy landowners increased
the efficiency of their estates
d. Issued the Edict of Milan
giving religious freedom
throughout the empire.
8. The last Roman Emperor was
overthrown in 476 CE by the
Visigoths of Germany.
Chapter 16
Christianity
1. The birth of Jesus marked the beginning of the Common Era
(CE).
2. When Jesus was about 30, he began to preach about God’s love
for all people.
3. Roman leaders grew leery of the popularity of Jesus and
condemned him to death for heresy.
4. The Apostle Paul was responsible for continuing the message of
Jesus after his death. This helped make Christianity a world
religion.
5. Until Constantine issued the Edict of Milan, Christians were
heavily persecuted against in Rome. They were crucified,
imprisoned, and fed to lions for entertainment.
6. In 313 CE, Constantine made Christianity legal and ended the the
persecution of Christians.
7. In 392 CE, Christianity was made the official religion of Rome by the
Emperor Theodosius.
8. By the end of the 500s, Christianity had an organized church, a New
Testament, and developed a Bible (OT & NT).
9. By 600 CE, the Christian Church created the position of Pope, and Latin
became the official language.
10. In 1054, Christianity has its first official split. It was known as the Great
Schism.
11. Greek speaking Christians did not recognize the Pope as the head of the
church. They broke away and formed the Greek or Eastern Orthodox
Church.
12. Christian laws are the 10 Commandments, their book is the Holy Bible,
and their Gospels were written by disciples Matthew, Mark, Luke, and
John. These Gospels made of the New Testament. Other stories of
Christianity were written in letters called Epistles.