* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Rome and Christianity
Alpine regiments of the Roman army wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Roman architecture wikipedia , lookup
Military of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Cursus honorum wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Sulla wikipedia , lookup
Demography of the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republic wikipedia , lookup
Constitutional reforms of Augustus wikipedia , lookup
Travel in Classical antiquity wikipedia , lookup
Slovakia in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
Roman funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Switzerland in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
Roman army of the late Republic wikipedia , lookup
Romanization of Hispania wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republican governors of Gaul wikipedia , lookup
Roman economy wikipedia , lookup
Food and dining in the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Education in ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Culture of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Roman historiography wikipedia , lookup
Roman agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Roman technology wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity Chapter 5 The Roman World Takes Shape Section 1 Roman Civilization Arises in Italy • Italian peninsula is centrally located in the Mediterranean Sea, and the city of Rome sits toward the center of Italy. Unifying the lands of Italy • Italy was much easier to unify than Greece: – Not broken up into small, isolated valleys – Apennine mountains are less rugged than the mountains of Greece – Has broad fertile plains in the north and west. Early Peoples Settle Italy • By 800 B.C. the Latins migrated to Italy. • The Latins settled along the Tiber River. • Etruscans lived north of Rome and ruled much of central Italy • Romans adopted the Etruscan alphabet, engineering, and gods and goddesses. The Romans Establish a Republic • 509 B.C. marks the beginning of the Roman state when the Romans drove out their Etruscan ruler. • Form of government was called a res publica or “that which belongs to the people”. – People chose some of the officials – Prevent any individual from gaining too much power. Structuring the Republic • Senate was the most powerful governing body. – 300 members were patricians. – Senators served for life. • Senators nominated two consuls from the patrician class whose job was to supervise the business of government and command the armies. -Consuls only served one term to limit power. Structuring the Republic • In the event of war, the senate might choose a dictator, or ruler who has complete control over a government. – Ruled for 6 months – Organize an army and lead them to victory just like Cincinnatus Plebeians fight for their rights • Plebeians= the farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders who made up the bulk of the population. • Plebeians elected tribunes to protect their interests. – The tribunes could veto those laws that they felt were harmful to plebeians – Forced the government to write down the Roman laws on twelve tablets. Laws on Twelve Tablets The role of women changes over time • Roman women played a larger role in society than did Greek women. – They could own property – Ran businesses – Patrician women went to public events with their husbands – Some had political influence *Most women however worked at home, raising families, spinning, and weaving. Romans Educate Children • Upper and lower class children learned to read and write • Children memorized major events and developments in Roman history • Rhetoric was an important subject for boys who wanted to pursue political careers. Mars and Jupiter Citizen-soldiers make up the Roman army • Loyal and well-trained army. • Basic military unit was the legion, each of which included 5,000 men. • Originally men fought without being paid and had to provide their own weapons • Eventually they received a small stipend but their main compensation was always a share of the spoils of victory. Roman Legion Rome is just with conquered lands • Treated its defeated enemies with justice • Conquered people had to acknowledge Roman leadership, pay taxes, and supply soldiers for the Roman army. From Republic to Empire Section 2 Rome grows through conquest • Rome’s conquest of the Italian peninsula brought it into conflict with Carthage, a city-state on the northern coast of Africa. Rome fights Carthage in the Punic Wars • In the first Punic War Rome defeated Carthage and won the islands of Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia. 2nd Punic War • In the 2nd Punic War Carthage sought revenge. – Carthage General Hannibal led an army with dozens of war elephants and men – Was winning battles all across Italy – Failed to capture Rome itself. • Romans will eventually defeat Hannibal 3rd Punic War • Rome completely destroyed Carthage. • Survivors were killed or sold into slavery. • The Romans were not masters of the Western Mediterranean. Ruling the Mediterranean • Romans were committed to Imperialism= Establishing control over foreign lands and peoples.. • Controlled the Hellenistic rulers who had divided the empire of Alexander the Great. • Controlled Macedonia, Greece, and parts of Asia Minor The Impact at Home • Conquest of trade routes brought riches to Rome. • Wealthy Romans bought up huge estates called latifundia. – Forced people to work on the latifundia. • Gap between rich and poor widened and angry mobs began to riot. Making Attempts at Reform • Two Patrician brothers names Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were the first to bring reform. – Tiberius wanted the state to distribute land to poor farmers – Gaius Gracchus wanted to use public funds to buy grain to feed the poor The Roman Republic Declines • Rome plunged into a series of civil wars • Slave uprisings Julius Caesar the Dictator • In 58 B.C., Caesar set out with his army to make new conquests. After 9 years of fighting, he completed the conquest of Gaul • Some people in the Senate wanted Caesar to disband his army, but he fought on. • “I came, I saw, I conquered” he said after announcing one victory. Julius Caesar Caesar Makes Reforms • He launched a program of public works to employ the jobless and gave public land to the poor. • Granted Roman citizenship to more people • Introduced a new calendar based on that of the Egyptians. Caesar Killed, War Follows • Caesar’s enemies worried that he planned to make himself King of Rome so they planned to kill him. • In 44 B.C. Caesar arrived in the senate and his enemies stabbed him to death. • This brought on a new round of Civil Wars. • Octavian and Mark Anthony joined forces to hunt down the murderers. The Roman Empire Begins • The senate gave Octavian the title of Augustus, or Exalted One, and declared him princeps, or first citizen. • Augustus exercised absolute power and named his successor just as a king would do. Augustus Builds a Stable Government • The senate had little power compared to the emperor. • High level jobs were open to men of talent. • Made the tax system fair by ordering a census of the empire so their would be records of all who should be taxed. • Set up a postal service • Issued new coins to make trade easier. • Put the jobless to work. Emperors Vary • Not all Augustus’s successors were great rulers. • Hadrian codified Roman law, making it the same for all provinces. Pax Romana Brings Prosperity • “Roman Peace”…200 year span. • Roman rule brought peace, order, unity, and stability. • Roman legions maintained and protected the roads • Trade flowed freely The Distraction of Entertainment • Circus Maximus, Rome’s largest racecourse. • Gladiator contests – Battled one another The Roman Achievement Section 3 Romans Write Literature, History, and Philosophy • Borrowed many ideas from the Greeks • Also adopted Hellenistic achievements. • The blending of Greek, Hellenistic, and roman traditions produced what is known as Greco-Roman civilization. Poets Write with Respect and humor • Many Romans spoke Greek and imitated Greek styles in poetry. • The poet Virgil tried to show that Rome’s past was as heroic as that of Greece. • Other poets used verse to satire, or make fun of, Roman society. Historians Tell the Story of Rome • Livy and Tacitus were best known as Roman historians • Livy sought to arouse patriotic feeling by recalling Rome’s historic past. • Tacitus wrote bitterly about Augustus who felt had destroyed Roman liberty. Creating Expressive Art • Roman artists depicted scenes from Roman literature and daily life in spended mosaics. • Mosaics= a picture made from chips of colored stone or glass. Advancing Architecture • Immense palaces, temples, and stadiums stood as mighty monuments to Roman power and dignity. • Improved on existing structural devices such as columns and arches. • Used concrete to create a round dome as a roof for large projects. Pantheon Romans apply Science and Mathematics for practical use • Romans excelled in engineering – Built roads, bridges, and harbors – Built aqueducts that carried water from the hills into roman cities Science and math • Ptolemy proposed his theory that the Earth was the center of the universe, a mistaken idea!!! • Applied geography to make maps and medical knowledge to help doctors improve public health • Collected information into encyclopedias. New Law Codes Protect the Empire • The principles of Roman law would become the basis for legal systems throughout the world. • Developed civil law • Innocent until proven guilty • Without a reasonable doubt or “clearer than daylight” • Judges interpreted the laws and made fair judgments The Rise of Christianity Section 4 Early Empire includes diverse religions • Various religious beliefs existed in Rome. • Jupiter, Mars, Juno, and other traditions remained important. • Rome tolerated diversity as long as Romans honored Roman gods and acknowledged the divine spirit of the emperor. Division Arise in Judea • By 63 B.C. the Romans had conquered Judea • The Romans excused Jews from worshiping roman gods. • While most Jews were reluctantly willing to live under Roman rule, other called Zealots were not. • They called on Jews to revolt against Rome and establish an independent state. • Some Jews believed that a messiah, or anointed king send by god, would soon appear to lead their people to freedom. A Jewish Rebellion Defeated • In A.D. 66, discontent flared into rebellion. • Roman forces crushed the rebels, captured Jerusalem, and destroyed the Jewish temple. • Because of this destruction, thousands of Jews decided to leave Judea. Jesus Proclaims His Teachings • As turmoil engulfed the Jews a new religion, Christianity, arose around them. • We know about the life of Jesus through the accounts of four followers: – Matthew – Mark – Luke – John Jesus Begins Teaching • Born in 4B.C. in Bethlehem • Jesus grew up in Nazareth and worshiped God. • At the age of 30 he began preaching the gospel to villages near the Sea of Galilee. • He recruited 12 disciples to help him with his mission. Became know as apostles. Jesus Teaches New Beliefs • Belief in one God and the 10 commandments. • Jesus called himself, “the son of God” • Emphasized gods love and taught the need for justice, morality, and service to others. Condemned to Death • Some people regarded Jesus as a dangerous troublemaker. • Jewish Priests thought he was challenging their leadership. • Was arrested by the Romans, tried, and condemned to death by crucifixion. • Jesus had risen from the dead The Message of Christianity Spreads • Those Jews that believed Jesus was the messiah would be called Christians. • Peter and Paul played a huge role in establishing Christianity all across Rome. Paul Spread Christianity • Paul had never met Jesus but joined the Christians and decided to spread Jesus’ teachings. • Paul journeyed around the Mediterranean and set up churches. Christians Are Oppressed • Rome’s tolerant attitude toward religion was not extended to Christianity. • Christians had to meet in secret to avoid persecution. • Martyrs= people who suffer or die for their beliefs. Rome Accepts Christianity • The Roman Emperor Constantine finally ended the persecution of Christians with the Edict of Milan. Joining the Church • Had to be baptized, or blessed with holy water. • Seen as equals and addressed each other and “brother” and “sister”. • Each Sunday Christians gathered for ceremony of thanksgiving to God. Structuring Clergy • Only men to become members of the Christian clergy. • Every diocese had its own priest. Over the priest presided a bishop. • The Bishops of the most important cities gained greater authority and took on the name patriarch.