* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Roman Art History - Architecture
Roman infantry tactics wikipedia , lookup
Sino-Roman relations wikipedia , lookup
Alpine regiments of the Roman army wikipedia , lookup
Military of ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Roman army of the late Republic wikipedia , lookup
Wales in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
Travel in Classical antiquity wikipedia , lookup
Demography of the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
History of the Roman Constitution wikipedia , lookup
Roman Republican governors of Gaul wikipedia , lookup
Roman historiography wikipedia , lookup
Roman funerary practices wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Roman architecture wikipedia , lookup
Switzerland in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
Roman temple wikipedia , lookup
Slovakia in the Roman era wikipedia , lookup
Roman economy wikipedia , lookup
Education in ancient Rome wikipedia , lookup
Food and dining in the Roman Empire wikipedia , lookup
Early Roman army wikipedia , lookup
Roman agriculture wikipedia , lookup
Romanization of Hispania wikipedia , lookup
ROMAN ART AND ARCHITECTURE What do you already know about Roman Empire? Legacy of the Roman Empire ▪ The ancient Romans were great builders. Their advances in technology include the invention of concrete ▪ Roman language was Latin, which is the root of all the romance languages including English, French, and Spanish ▪ Our months, January named after the two faced god Janus; February named after "Februa" (the wips used in a popular festivity held in February); March is for the god Mars July was renamed in honour of Emperor Julius Caesar August renamed in honour of Emperor Augustus. ▪ Saturnalia were celebrated until the 25th of December and involved an exchange of gifts. ▪ Days of the week: Monday is the day of the Moon; Sunday the Sun; Saturday is for the god Saturn. For the other days of the week we have to look to Latin languages eg in Italian: Tuesday is Martedi' (Mars day), Wednesdays is Mercoledi' (Mercury day), Thursday Giovedi' is Jove or Jupiter and Friday (Venerdi') is Venus day. ROMAN EMPIRE How did the Romans conquer so many people and force Roman culture and way of life upon them? Well, they didn't really. The Romans faught and conquered foreign lands, however they often really didn't have to try hard. The Romans had a policy of letting people keep their own traditions and culture. In other words, instead of conquering an area, and forcing people to be more "Roman", Romans merely made the conquered people swear fealty to Rome and then pretty much left them alone. At its height, the Roman Empire spanned an area of some 2.5 million square miles (6.5 million sq. km). This was a wonderful strategy. Generally, a people will fight to preserve their way of life. But since being absorbed into the Roman Empire really didn't change much about a people's daily life many often gave up and willingly joined the empire rather than fighting. The Romans greatest contribution was in architecture. They were the great builders of the world. • Romans greatest contribution to history is their mastery in architecture. • Romans invented concrete, an innovation that allowed for faster building and larger scale. • The arch became the central tool in architecture (the Romans did not invent the arch, but their development of it enabled them fully to exploit their penchant for resolving improbable situations by vast expense of labour.) • Romans constructed public buildings for business and leisure time activities, as well as, sea routes and harbours . The Roman Empire capital: Rome • • Jupiter/Zeus Neptune/Poseidon Greek Zeus Hera Ares Athena Aphrodite Artemis Dionysus Apollo Poseidon Hades Hestia • _____________________Roman• Function King of the gods; father of the sky Queen of Heaven, godess of marriage God of water and agriculture Goddess of wisdom and memory Goddess of love Goddess of the moon and hunting God of wine and the grape God of health and prophecy God of the sea God of the underworld Goddess of hearth and household Juno/Hera Jupiter Juno Mars Minerva Venus Diana • Liber Apollo Neptune Pluto Vesta Minerva/Athena • Roman Religion The Romans didn’t have a particular religion, their beliefs were not based on one central belief Romans had a religion of their own, which was a mixture of rituals, superstitions, and traditions which they collected over the years from a number of different sources (Greeks, Etruscans, Egyptians, etc) The Romans worshiped 100 of different gods, Roman’s fundamental belief was that if the Gods were happy then the Romans would receive good fortune. It was therefore important to worship the Roman Gods on a daily basis. Prayers were offered to relevant Gods and Goddesses - in matters of love the Romans would pray to Venus. Soldiers would pray to Mars the God of War and so on. There was a Roman God to suit all. The Roman was by nature a very superstitious person. Emperors would tremble and even legions refuse to march if the omens were bad ones. Venus/Aphrodite Mars/Ares Cupid/Eros Roman Temples • The Romans built temples to worship their Gods and Goddesses • The word "temple" derives from Latin ‘templum’ , which was originally not the building itself, but a sacred space where rituals were practiced. • Public religious ceremonies took place outdoors, and not within the temple building. • Worship consisted of processions, praying and making sacrifices at a temple. • Sacrifices, chiefly of animals, would take place at an open-air altar within the templum. • Roman temples related to the Greek temples in general design. • However distinctive elements, such as, temple raised on a podium, having a front staircase, and having the columns along the sides being attached or engaged (pseudo-peripteral) are clearly a Roman temple features. • Roman Temples had a gabled roof • Walls of Roman Temples were painted in fresco the frieze often depicted Roman life The Pantheon 125 A.D. Rome The Pantheon, 125 A.D. ,Rome • Pantheon is a temple built to honor all the Roman gods and goddesses. • The Pantheon is built like a Greek temple from the front. • It is built in the shape of a drum • The dome rising 14 stories above the ground. It is made of concrete, and is 142' in diameter with a large hole (oculus)in the middle to let out (sacrifice) smoke and let in light (and rain -there are drains in the floor for this). • The dome was covered with gleaming brass so that people could see it shining all over the city. THE ROMAN FORUM OF 179 AD Forum Roman • The Forum was a marketplace and business center, where the ancient Romans went to do their banking, trading, shopping, marketing, and the administration of justice. • It was expanded to include temples, a senate house and law Forum. Colloseum -The Flavian Ampitheatre The Colosseum -The Flavian Ampitheatre 80 A.D. • The name ‘Coloseeum’ comes from the Latin word ‘colosseus’ meaning ‘colossal’. • Opened in 80 A.D with 100 days of events. • The Colosseum has an oval shape. Covers 6 acres. It held 50,000 marble seats • 3 orders of columns: Doric, Ionic, Corinthians • Velaria - sun screen on masts • 80 entrances: 76 for the public, one for the Emperor, one for priestesses, Door of Life, Door of Death • The floor was made of wood. It would have been covered with sand, so the blood could easily be taken away. • The Colosseum held regular events. Gladiators fought each other for life or death, sometimes they had to fight against animals. Other games included: boxing-matches, archery-matches, chariot races and feminine fighters. • Underground, there was a labyrinth of passages, and compartments for gladiators, animals, machinery for stage sets, elevators on pulleys, ramps, trap doors in floor, dressing rooms, cages, cells and storage accommodations. • Sea battles were also reacted, in which case the floor of Colosseum was flooded. The Flavian Ampitheatre 80 A.D. The Colosseum, Rome The Flavian Ampitheatre The Colosseum, Rome. 80 A.D. • The word gladiator comes from ‘gladius’ the Latin word for a short sword used by legionaries and gladiators. • Gladiators were professional fighters in who fought against each other sometimes to the death, for the entertainment of spectators. • The gladiators were often slaves or criminals • They also fought against lions and tigers. These animals were imported from NorthAfrica • When a gladiator surrendered, the public might say that he must die or might live. If they put their thump up, he might live. If they put their thump down, he had to die. • • • • • • During the period 30 to 313 A.D. the Roman Empire was a dangerous place for early Christians, whose beliefs contradicted with Roman religion. Hostility toward Christians fluctuated throughout the empire. Periods of peace were interrupted by incidents, such as, a great Rome fire of A.D. 64, when Emperor Nero blamed on Christians. Christianity was punishable by death during this era, yet pardon was available to those willing to renounce their religion by offering sacrifice to the emperor or Roman gods. Honoring Rome's gods and goddesses was considered a civic obligation and, at times, a law. Many Christians refused deny their faith. They were executed and then hailed as martyrs by other Christians. In 313 Constantine I and Eastern Roman Emperor Licinius ratified the Edict of Milan, which finally ensured tolerance for Christians throughout the Roman Empire. Circus Maximus, 6th c B.C. Circus Maximus, 6th c B.C. • The Circus Maximus was a huge arena for hosting events chariot and horse races. • The circus could hold up to 250,000 Romans, • charioteers raced down the track's 1,650 feet straightaways. • It laps lasted 7 rounds • Chariots were very light so they could go as fast as possible which were made of wicker and leather. • Chariot racing was the most popular spectator sport in ancient Rome – even more popular than gladiatorial combats! Roman Ampitheatre Roman Amphitheatre • Ampitheatere was an open-air venue for theatrical performances. • The Romans copied the Greek style of building, however the Romans tended not to be so concerned about the location, they were prepared to build walls and terraces instead of looking for a naturally-occurring site. • All theatres built within the city of Rome were completely man-made without the use of earthworks. • The auditorium was not roofed; rather, awnings (vela) could be pulled overhead to provide shelter from rain or sunlight. Ancient Roman Bath, England Roman Public Bath • Baths were public facilities that provided an opportunity for citizens to socialize, exercise, and unwind after a day's or week's work. • Baths had: hot and cold pools, steam rooms, saunas, exercise rooms, hair, reading rooms and libraries. • Everyone in Rome used Roman public baths, regardless of socioeconomic status. Rich folk tended to use the public baths daily, while poorer folk generally visited the public baths on a weekly basis. • Most bath houses were quite large (some could hold up to 3,000 people at one time). • Roman bath houses were a feat of engineering at the time. Drawing on natural hot springs from beneath the ground. Heaters were also created to maintain warm temperatures in the baths. What do you think this is? Triumphal Arch Triumphal Arch • • • • • The Triumphal Arch is a monument to celebrate military victory. The Emperor Constantine had a triumphal arch built to celebrate a military victory in 312 AD.-built to celebrate Constantine’s assumption of power. Several Emperors built triumphal arches to commemorate their achievements The Arch of Constantine is a three-way arch (barrel vault), measuring 21m in height, 25.7m in width and 7.4m in depth. Eight detached Corinthian columns, four on each side, stand on plinths on the sides of the archways. barrel vault, aka, tunnel vault or a wagon vault, is an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or pair of curves, in the case of a pointed barrel vault) along a given distance. -relief -medallions Relief sculpture is a kind of sculpture in which a design or image is carved into a flat surface. Aqueduct The Roman aqueduct at Pont du Gard, France Aqueduct Roman aqueduct, Segovia, Spain. • Aqueducts are channels either above ground, below ground or on the ground that transport water from a lake or stream into a city which may be miles away. • The word aqueduct comes from the Latin word "aqua"; meaning "water" and "ducere"; meaning to lead. • The history of Roman aqueducts date all the way back to 312B.C. • This invention was made to bring water from lakes and streams into the main land so that towns and farms were allowed to flourish. The Romans built this water carrier so that the people would not die of drought and waste valuable time getting water. Roman Basilica The Basilica of Maxentius, Rome, 308 A.D. The Basilica of Maxentius • The basilica served as a law court and imperial reception hall. • The building was begun in A.D. 308 by then emperor of Western Rome, Maxentius, and finished four years later under Constantine's rule. • The basilica's central nave was 265 feet (80 meters) long and 83 feet (25 meters) wide.