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Focus Question • Who is Romulus and Remus… Ancient Rome & Early Christianity 600 BC to 500 AD I. Legendary beginnings… • Romulus & Remus, twins raised by a “she-wolf,” are legendary founders of Rome Cast bronze statue of suckling twins: sons of Mars Capitoline Museum, Rome II. Geography • Apennine Mts did not divide Italy into many small isolated communities (as in Greece) • Being located near the ocean and on the Tiber River gave easy access to the Mediterranean Sea. • More arable land, mild climate – larger population II. Geography • Italy is located in the midpoint of the Mediterranean Sea. The Romans could send out ships for trade and war in all directions. • In addition, Rome’s central location between North and South allowed for Rome to govern its Empire easily once it began to expand. map Rome was built… • Along the Tiber River • On 7 hills w/ fertile soil • 18 miles inland from the Med. Sea • Near center of Italian peninsula • “Not without reason did gods and men choose this sport for the site of our city— the salubrious hills, the river to bring us produce from the inland regions and seaborne commerce from abroad, the sea itself, near enough for convenience yet not so near as to bring danger from foreign fleets, out situation in the very heart of Italy—all these advantages make it of all places in the world the best for a city destined to grow great.” --Livy III. Foreign Influences on Rome’s beginnings… III. Latins • Farmer and shepherds who wandered into Italy • They built the first settlement in Rome • Eventually bring all of Italy into close contact with the Greeks III. Greek Influences • 750 – 500 BC, Greeks colonized southern Italy –Olives –Grapes –Religion (myths & legends) • Same personalities; different names –Commercial centers Hera’s temple at Paestum in southern Italy III. Etruscan Influences • Alphabet, architecture (especially the use of the arch), metal working, pottery • Early kings of Rome were Etruscan Etruscan pottery 4th century BC IV. Rome becomes a republic • Republic established 509 BC –when last Etruscan king was overthrown in 509 BC • Tarquin the proud • Romans voweled to never be ruled by a king again –Republic is born Patriarchal society • Fathers had power of life and death over their families – Illustrated w/ paintings by Jacques Louis David #1 Lictors returning the bodies of the Sons of Brutus,1789 FYI - Power of the Pater • Brutus, Lucius Junius, nephew of the last Roman King Tarquin the Proud, participated in revolt against his tyranny • Helped establish the republic and was one of the first two Roman consuls • Brutus’ two sons started a conspiracy to restore the monarchy. The plot was foiled and they were convicted and sentenced to death by their father. Early Republican Virtues • Conservative • Reverence for tradition • Reverence for home, ancestors, gods Vestal Virgin Tended the sacred flame of Vesta, goddess of the hearth #2 - Oath of the Horatii • Artist: Jacques David The Oath of Horatii. 1784. Oil on canvas. 330 x 425 cm. Louvre, Paris, France • See speaker note* Oath of Horatii, JL David Oath of Horatii • detail Governmental organization see page 143 • Executive – 2 consuls – Elected by assembly, 1 year terms • Legislative – Senate – Centurian Assembly – Tribal Assembly Roman Senate • 300 men • Controlled public funds & foreign policy & some political appointments • Very powerful until the emperor period Government organization cont… • Judicial branch –Praetors acted as judges • Legal code –12 Tables • Citizenship –Adult male landowners Forum Romanum w/ view of curia senate Roman Curia [Senate] Arch of Septimius Severus: overview from the South Arch of Titus V. Punic Wars 264 – 133 BC • Carthage, center of Phoenician (Punic) trading empire –Commercial threat to Rome –Control of Sicily main issue • Three major wars, Rome won all Punic Wars – part 1 • Following a naval battle… • Carthage gave Sicily to Rome & paid huge fine • Carthage annexed Spain… Roman soldier Punic Wars – part 2 • Hannibal took an army w/ war elephants to Italy … for 17 yrs • Rome won by attacking Carthage • Gained Spain as a spoil of war Hannibal Barca, General of Carthage • Defeated at Battle of Zama • Suicide in 183 in Turkey Scipio Africanus • Hero of Punic Wars • Defeated Hannibal at the Battle of Zama Punic Wars – part 3 • Carthage destroyed in 146 BC –Became province of Africa –Population sold into slavery –City plowed under w/salt Carthage was located near Tunis Funeral marker of goddess Tanit (Carthage) • Religion required the sacrifice of eldest child Grave markers of sacrificed children near Carthage Carthage: ruins of the acropolis Baths VI. By 133 BC Rome was master of Mediterranean • Macedonia & the Greek states were annexed • Kingdom of Pergamum was deeded to Rome Reasons for Rome’s success • Powerful armies were loyal to Rome, not a dictator (nationalism) • Wise treatment of conquered peoples • Ability to move troops quickly … the results of Rome’s success • #1 Slavery increased –Plantation system developed –Farmers could not compete –No industry developed … the results of Rome’s success • #2 Farmers moved to cities –Became urban poor –Filled ranks of unemployed –Threat to government VII. Emergence of the Empire (133 BC – 180 AD) Problems leading to the collapse of the Roman Republic #1 Poor farmers lost their lands… *Gracchus brothers’ attempted land reform (p.146) #2 Senate became all powerful #3 Generals involved in politics… * led to civil wars (p. 147) Civil War in Rome Sets New Precedents. 1. Soldiers swore personal loyalty to generals in return for lands… 2. Armies fought over Rome, gave power to the commanders The First Triumvirate • Crassus, Pompey & Julius Caesar gained military command of the empire in 60 BC, dominating Rome for ten years … Factors leading to Second Civil War • Crassus killed in battle in Syria • Senate feared Caesar’s power –Appointed Pompey leader –Ordered Caesar to give up his legions… Pompey the Great • Caesar’s main rival in the civil wars Caesar crosses the Rubicon (49 BC)! • Refused order to disband army –Crossed Rubicon R. • Marched on Rome –Civil war erupted –Pompey defeated, killed Julius Caesar • Appointed Dictator of Rome in 46 BC • Copy of portrait bust Julius Caesar wins the civil war • 44 BC – named dictator for life • Reforms: –Created jobs –Started colonies –Expanded senate –Granted citizenship to provincials Julius Caesar Killed by Senators March 15, 44BC Vatican Museum Caesar’s Tomb Julius Caesar’s death mask • Powerful senators feared his popularity & sensed their own loss of influence Cleopatra VII (Liz Taylor) & Caesar (Rex Harrison) Will the real Cleopatra please stand up? • Plutarch writes that Cleopatra was not beautiful in the classical sense… • Possessed great charm, intelligence and was highly educated Cleopatra VII • Made sole ruler by Caesar –Bore his son, Ptolemy Caesarion –Egypt a “client state” of Rome • After her reign, Egypt lost independence for 2,000 years Cleopatra & the Peasant by Eugene de la Croix, 1838 Struggle for power follows Caesar’s death: Second Triumvirate • Marc Antony – Caesar’s ally • Octavian – Caesar’s nephew • Lepidus – Caesar’s cavalry commander Rome’s empire is divided • Antony gets the East • Octavian gets the West • Allies with Cleopatra • Obtains backing of the Senate Marc Antony played by Richard Burton, 1963. Greece: Naval Battle of Actium, 31 BC • Antony & Cleopatra’s forces lose to Octavian • Octavian becomes supreme ruler of Rome • Civil wars end Octavian (31 BC to 14 AD) • Senate named him “Augustus” • Created a stable government • Took personal control of Rome’s provinces • Became first emperor The prima porta statue of Augustus First emperor of Rome (Julio-Claudian House) 6.9 ft., imitates Alexander the Great Vatican Museum Model of Forum Arch of Augustus model Tomb of Augustus, Rome VIII. The Julio-Claudian Dynasty (31 BC – 68 AD) • Augustus (Octavian) • Tiberius (step-son) • Caligula • Claudius • Nero Elements unifying the empire • 207 year period of peace - Pax Romana • Silver coinage - denarii • Network of roads • Trade network House of Livia on Capitoline Hill • Wife of Augustus • Mural art of a Roman villa Emperor Tiberias ruled 14 – 37 AD • Roman ruler during the crucifixion of Jesus Emperor Caligula r. 37 – 41 AD • Insane, or… • Mad for power? Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus aka Caligula • Deified himself & his favorite sister Drusilla • Made his horse a senator • Forced soldiers to collect sea-shells as “spoils of the sea” • Reign was sensationalized • Murdered by Praetorians Emperor Claudius (r. 41 – 54 AD) • Expanded empire to Britain • Supposedly murdered by his wife Agrippina the Younger, wife of Claudius & mother of Nero. Emperor Nero • Considered a “monster”, reportedly killed his own mother. • Died by suicide Emperor Nero (r. 54-68 AD) • Accused of political murder of his relatives & the burning of Rome. • Neglected the armies. • Extravagant (Golden House). • Appeared in plays & in Olympic games. Octagonal Room of Domus Aurea (Nero’s Palace) Imperial succession • Rulers who followed the JulioClaudians often seized power, some were adopted by their predecessors. • Many emperors were murdered by the Praetorian Guard. VIII. Pompeii • Located in southern Italy near the (dormant) volcano of Mt.Vesuvius • Destroyed in 79 AD Bay of Naples, Vesuvius in background Pompeii city view Pompeii: House of the Vetii (peristyle) House of the Vetii peristyle & garden Pompeii: household shrine Mock Triclinium 2 See page 178 for banquet foods! Banquet foods! • Sows udders stuffed with sea urchins (appetizer) • Door mice stuffed with pork & pine kernels (entre) • Fricassee of roses (dessert) Kitchen model, Pompeii Pompeii laundry tubs IX. Changes in the Roman family occurred w/empire • Divorce introduced for both partners • Women … – kept inherited wealth – owned property – testified in court – Social equal to men (nearly) Roman Matron 2nd Century • Wealthy women commanded authority & respect Sarcaphagus of a Roman Matron Wednesday 10/20 • Finish the Section 4 WS • Bring a disk tomorrow – computer lab assignment X. Pax Romana (27 BC – 180 AD) • 207 years of peace began w/ Augustus • Continues with 5 good emperors… 1. Nerva 2. Trajan 3. Hadrian 4. Antoninus Pius 5.Marcus Aurelius Emperor Trajan r.(98 – 117) Trajan • Known for public works programs and social welfare • Expanded the empire to its greatest extent Aqueduct called Pont du Gard, France Pont du Gard side view Emperor Hadrian (reigned 117 – 138) Hadrian • Known for his building projects throughout the empire –Hadrian’s wall across the north of Britain –The Pantheon –Hadrian’s villa near Rome Hadrian’s wall in England Roman Temple to all the gods… Pantheon Pantheon: side view Largest dome w/o exterior supports in the ancient world Coffered shiny bronze panels line the ceiling The oculus symbolized the “all-seeing eye of heaven” Empress Sabina wife of Hadrian Antinous ROME: Hadrian’s Tomb,aka Castel Sant Angelo Antoninus Pius was adopted as heir to the throne in 138 • Governed well & frugally • Established programs to help his people • Returned his “salary” to the government Antoninus Pius • r.(138 – 161) Temple of Antoninus & Faustina • Dedicated to the deified royal pair Temple reconstruction model • Temple of Antoninus and Faustina • Dedicated to this emperor's love for his beautiful wife Marcus Aurelius r.(161-180) • Considered excellent ruler, but had a terrible family Marcus Aurelius Column of Marcus Aurelius • Rome 180 AD End of the good old days… • Marcus Aurelius succeeded by his “insane” son, Commodus • Period of good imperial rule ended Commodus r. 180 - 192 • Dressed as Hercules and performed as a gladiator Strangled in his bath, aged 31 Early Empire was a time of prosperity. • Trade and commerce linked the empire. • Luxury goods arrived in Rome from as far away as China. Ostia: Forum of the Corporations Roman Glassware Agriculture dominated the economy • Large landed estates worked by slaves provided Rome with food. • Food was imported from Egypt. XI. Culture & Society in the Roman World: Law • Law was based on standards that applied to all –Twelve Tables –Codified –Evidence weighed carefully –Innocent until proven otherwise Literature • Vergil – Aenid (epic linking Troy with Rome). • Horace – satires • Livy – History of the Roman Empire XI. Slavery • Based on war captives • Badly treated • Source dried up during Pax Romana –Revolts common after 100 AD Roman women & slaves… • Slavery allowed greater freedom and more of a social life for Roman women as the numbers of domestic slaves increased. XI. Education • Limited to wealthy boys • Teachers were mainly Greek slaves • Curriculum: reading, writing, morals, law, Latin & Greek, physical training XII. Entertainment • Elaborate public structures were built for amusement. It occupied Romans, & forestalled revolt – Public Baths – Colosseum – Circus Maximus Public Bathing • • • • • Work out Bathe/ steam Massage Eat Socialize Ye Olde Bath of Bath Latrine seating • Water flow was constant (flush toilets) Latrines Roman Colosseum 50,000 Spectators • Begun by Vespasian after 70 AD • Built on site of Nero’s lake & gardens • Built w/plunder from Jewish wars Exterior View from East Roman Colosseum: interior view Another Interior View (photo by Jaime Clark-Soles) Gladiators were the super stars of Roman life… Thumbs up Gladiator and leopard from a Roman mosaic The Emperor Commodus as Hercules • Son of the good emperor Marcus Aurelius • Probably insane Mosaic of fighting gladiators Roman Ampitheater in Arles, France Ruins of Circus Maximus, Rome XIII. Art in Ancient Rome • Realistic –conveyed simple human dignity –admired & copied Greek sculpture • Created for paying patrons Portrait 1st century AD Emperor Elagabalus • Imperial realism • Teen emperor imported from Syria • 3rd century AD Architecture • Greek models (columns, rectangles) • Introduced curved lines (arch, vault and dome) • Developed & used concrete Temple of Fortuna Virilis: Greek inspiration Temple of Hercules: curves Colosseum: arches, curves, concrete Pantheon: curves, columns and the dome Art & Architecture • Interiors of buildings were highly decorated –Landscapes –Mythology Pompeii villa bedroom Cupid riding a crab • Interior decoration from Pompeii • House of the Vetii House of Livia: Garlands of the triclinium XIV. Religion in Rome’s Empire • Focus on ritual (priests) –Paterfamilias made offerings to Vesta (hearth) • No spiritual, emotional, redemptive qualities • Very tolerant of other religions but…. Portrait of a man dressed as a priest/ paterfamilias • Had complete authority over family members VestaAedes Temple Reconstruction Temple of Vesta House of the Vestals:interior pools, looking South The Vestal Virgins • 6 vestal virgins from old patrician families. Served 10 years as novices, 10 performing the actual duties, 10 years teaching novices. • Lived in a palatial building next to temple of Vesta at the forum. Main duty was to guard the sacred fire in the temple. Other duties included performing rituals and baking the sacred salt cake to be used at numerous ceremonies • Punishment was harsh--if they let the flame go out, a whipping, for breaking their vow of chastity - walled up alive underground. • Honor and privilege surrounding the vestal virgins was enormous. In fact any criminal who was condemned to death and saw a vestal virgin was automatically pardoned. Cicero (first century BC) • “Romans owe our supremacy over all other peoples to our piety and religious observances and to our wisdom in believing that the spirit of the gods rules and directs everything.” Mythology • Romans absorbed Greek gods into their own pantheon • … continued to assimilate deities from conquered lands Asian Mystery Religions • Offered more personal involvement • Focused on a moral code of conduct with a promise of an afterlife. Mystery Religion #1: Cult of Cybele –Asian goddess of Nature –Cult focused on the annual death and resurrection of her consort, Attis Mystery Religion #2 Cult of Bacchus • God of wine and revelry • Drunken rites were too frenzied; stories frightened the Senate • Banned in 186 BC. Mystery Religion #3 : Cult of Isis Egyptian fertility goddess –Focus on death, resurrection and immortality Popular with women –Initiation was expensive –Banned at times Isis • Her worship symbolized resurrection Mystery Religion #4 : Cult of Mithras (Persian) • personified truth, light & eternal struggle against evil • Rituals restricted to men –popular w/Roman soldiers Mithras killing the Taurus bull OSTIA: Mosaic dedicated to Felicissimus on the floor of the Mithreum Some parallels between Mithraism & Christianity • Celebration of the birth of Dec 25 • Cakes w/ cross were traditionally eaten at a cult meal (Communion) • Idea of immortality Christianity • Offered salvation, personal relationship with God • No expensive or painful initiation rites (Isis, Mithras) • Fulfilled human need to belong Official reaction to Christianity • Christians refused to worship the state gods and the emperors • Viewed as threat to the state • Punishment was death and persecution Christian appeal was widespread • Promise of eternal life • Embraced everyone • Gave hope to the powerless • Personal relationship w/ God Why Christianity spread • Good roads • Latin & Greek languages • Missionaries welcomed converts • Loving God who promised eternal life gave hope Apostles spread teachings of Jesus • Peter – Missionary to Rome – First pope • Paul – Roman official, Christian enemy… – Martyred by Nero in 64 w/ Peter Conversion of St. Paul • Caravaggio • 1600-01 • Church of St. Maria del Popolo St. Peter • Crucified (like a slave) • upside down as he felt unworthy Triumph of Christianity was main cultural trend of the late Roman period The Tetrarchy Eastern Empire Western Empire • Diocletian • Maximian (Augustus) (Augustus) • Galerius (Caesar) • Constantius Chlorus (Caesar) Diocletian divided Rome’s empire in 285 AD • Last to persecute Christians • Restored prestige to the throne Galerius, the Eastern Caesar • Viciously attacked Christians in 303 AD The Western Augustus, Maximian Constantius Chlorus Western Caesar Edict of Milan in the year 313 granted toleration to Christians • Emperor Constantine • Baptized on his death-bed. Emperor Constantine’s role • Christians made up about 5% of the population or less… • His conversion ensured the success of the new faith. XV. WESTERN EMPIRE DECLINES Political Reasons… • Civil war was a constant threat due to… –Lack of clear succession laws –Resort to violent overthrows –No legal method for reform Economic Reasons for the Decline. • Slaves were abused, worked too hard, did not reproduce • Less food was produced to feed the towns • Barbarian invasions Population dropped by 1/3! • Birth rate declined • Recurring plagues decimated the population. Cities declined • Manpower shortages, & no technological advances Few were willing to work hard for the public good! • No unifying spirit: –Disinterest –Demoralization –Social stratification Emperor Constantine reunited the empire Constantine moved the capital • 324 AD “New Rome” established… – Constantinople (modern Istanbul) • Power shifted locations – from the West (Rome)… – to East (Constantinople) Constantinople on the Bosphorus Christianity became the greatest shaping force in the development of western civilization. Hagia Sophia Hagia Sophia, largest Christian Church • Now a mosque in Istanbul Theodosius the Great r.(378 – 395) made Christianity the official religion of the empire* • Rome was under constant assault from invaders during his rule Military Problems: VISIGOTHS • Fled to Rome’s empire when Huns invaded Europe –Revolted due to poor treatment • 378 Battle of Adrianople –Roman armies defeated –Emperor Valens killed Christian Rome attacked! • 410 – Visigoths under Alaric sacked Rome – Shocked contemporaries – Ravenna now western capital • 455 – Vandals crossed from North Africa & sacked Rome Invasion Paths of Attila the Hun Collapse in the West, 476 • German Commander Odoacer deposed the Western Emperor (Romulus Augustulus) –Odoacer crowned “King of Rome” –Ended the Western Empire Rome’s Contributions to Civilization • • • • Pax Romana Roman Law Architecture Literature Historical Writing Science Language Conclusion: Eastern Empire • Remained powerful political force for hundreds of years – Byzantine Empire – Seat of Eastern Christianity • Overtaken by the forces of Islam in 1453 – Western Christendom would not help TEST Rome Part II • After the test…define all the terms on page 269 & place these with new notes on Byzantines • READ Chapter 11 Section 1