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UNIT 2 PP 2 ROMAN EXPANSION AND THE ROAD TO EMPIRE CHAPTER 5 SECTION 2 ROMAN EXPANSION • Rome and Carthage • What and where is Carthage? • The problem THE 1ST PUNIC WAR (264-261BC) • Mostly a naval conflict brought about by the Roman desire to expel a Carthaginian garrison from Sicily • Results • Treaty in which both sides promised not to attack each others allies (Carthage paid a tribute for 10 years) • Rome gains its first territory off the Italian peninsula • Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia HANNIBAL AND THE 2ND PUNIC WAR • Father Hamlicar raised him in the army • At 26 he assumes command • Brought about by the Punic Empire in Spain • Carthage seized a town that was a new Roman ally causing Rome to declare war • 218 BC invades Rome through the Alps with 50K men 37 elephants (2.5 months) • Lost 18K and a third of his elephants • Will need to recruit in Italy BATTLES OF THE SECOND PUNIC WAR (218-202 BC) • • • • Trebia River (30,000 lost) Battle of Lake Trasamine (15,000) Battle of Cannae: (70,000) Publius Cornelius Scipio • 204 BC Scipio lands in Africa after conquering the Punic Empire in Spain • 202 BC Battle of Zama (Hannibal’s mercenaries deserted) • Carthage was made a dependent ally of Rome THE 3RD PUNIC WAR 146 BC • Rome decided to eliminate Carthage once and for all (Cato the Elder) • They were once again economically successful and a threat • They violated the terms of their treaty by crossing a Roman imposed frontier? • After a three year siege they completely wipe out Carthage in 146 BC • 133 BC Rome controls the Mediterranean • Macedonia, Asia Minor, Africa, Spain HANNIBAL AND SCIPIO POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF EXPANSION • Damage to Italian farmland forced small farmers to abandon or sell their land (economic problem?) • Too many new slaves (Ironic problem?) • New foreign grain prices are lower? • Division between rich and poor became more sharp when the wealthy consolidate newly acquired land into Latifundia • Less male landowning citizens • VAST new territories (problem?) THE DECLINE OF THE REPUBLIC • Mass of unemployed landless men allowed for the rise of ambitious men • No trust in Senate to resolve the issues • Romans were no longer dedicated to civic duty, hard work and simplicity • Now Rome was guided by corruption, greed and personal gain THE GRACCHUS BROTHERS: THE REPUBLIC’S LAST HOPE • Plebian brothers who became Tribunes and attempted reform in the late republic • Socialism? • Fixed grain price • Redistribute land • They were both murdered by the Senate because they were a threat THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATE • Pompey, Crassus and Caesar • Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius) • Was only 28 when he was given command of an army in Spain (77 BC) • Marcus Licinius Crassus • An ambitious Senator who gained power and fame by defeating the slave army of Spartacus in 73 BC • 70 BC both of these men demanded special honor and election to Consulship • Opened the floodgates for attacks on the power of the Senate THE FIRST TRIUMVIRATE • Gaius Julius Caesar • Noble birth (Venus?) • Allied with Crassus in the 60’s BC to gain military commands (Governor of Spain) • Upon his return he strikes up the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus • Elected Consul in 59 BC and then moves on to rule Gaul for 5 years • Winds up conquering into Germany and Great Britain THE RISE JULIUS CAESAR • By 50 BC JC had 13 legions • After the death of Crassus in 53 BC Pompey (now sole Consul) began working against JC in Rome • The Senate cut short his appointment and asked him to return to Rome without his armies • When he crossed the Rubicon River in 49 BC he began a civil war against Pompey’s army • By 45 BC he is victorious and ruled Rome as dictator THE REFORMS OF JULIUS CAESAR • Julian Calendar • Relocated 80,000 poor, cancelled loan payments for a year, Public works to create jobs, land to the poor and to veterans • Reorganized local government • Increased Senate to 900 (plebs, gauls etc) • Extended citizenship off the peninsula • All power was his (consul, tribune, priest, military, the courts) THE DEATH OF JULIUS CAESAR • March 15, 44 BC JC was assassinated by the Senate (Cassius and Brutus) • They had no real plan and all they created was 13 years of civil war that will lead the end of the Republic • They were jealous of Caesar and guarding the traditional powers of the Senate • Antony and rabble rousing (stop at 5 minutes) ….Come I to speak in Caesar’s funeral …He was my friend, faithful and just to me: But Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honourable man….He hath brought many captives home to Rome, Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill: Did this in Caesar seem ambitious? When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept: Ambition should be made of sterner stuff: Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honourable man. You all did see that on the Lupercal I thrice presented him a kingly crown, Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition? Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; And, sure, he is an honourable man. I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke, But here I am to speak what I do know. You all did love him once, not without cause: What cause withholds you then to mourn for him? O judgement! thou art fled to brutish beasts, And men have lost their reason…. THE SECOND TRIUMVIRATE • Mark Antony, Octavian and Lepidus • Goal: To avenge the death of Caesar • • • • • They are eventually victorious in Macedonia No real plan either split the Rome 3 ways Lepidus (Africa) Antony (East) Octavian (West) ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA • Antony married Cleopatra in 37 BC (divorced Octavia) • Antony and Cleopatra are defeated at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC • Octavian: now controls Rome as Emperor Augustus (the first Emperor of the Roman Empire) (OCTAVIAN) AUGUSTUS 31BC14AD • 27BC receives the title of Augustus, Princeps, imperator • From this point on he is considered emperor • Begins the Pax Romana 31BC-180AD THE REFORMS OF AUGUSTUS • Kept the Republican constitution (relationship with the Senate? Dignitas?) • Thought of himself as first citizen of the Republic • Revived Roman morality (Fides, Pietas, Gravitas) • Police and Fire departments • Public Works • Postal service, local government given more authority • Strong control and reorganization of the army • Praetorian Guard created • Census for entire empire TIBERIUS 14-37 AD • Married to Augustus's daughter Julia • Came to power when Augustus’s two grandsons Gaius and Lucius died early GAIUS (CALIGULA) OR “BOOTSIE” 37-41AD • Grandson of Augustus • Only surviving son of Germanicus • Tiberius killed or exiled his entire family • Co-Emperor with Gemellus (until he killed him) CALIGULA’S WEIRDNESS • • • • • • Why? Living god? Incest with Drusila Statues Horse as a Consul/Senator? Killed by his own guard CLAUDIUS 41-54AD • • • • Brother of Germanicus Never supposed to rule (problems) Raised to the throne by the Praetorians Accomplishments • Conquered and occupied Great Britain • 2 children and one stepson (Nero) • Poisoned by his wife Agrippina (Nero’s Mom) NERO (54-68AD) • Emperor at 16 • Murder (who) • The arts • Final words! • Fire/Christians • The End of Nero THE FLAVIAN DYNASTY (THE MILITARY EMPERORS) • After Nero 4 Emperors in one year (68-69AD) before the Flavians take over • Vespasian (69-81AD) • Designed the coliseum • Successful general • Titus • Completed construction of the (“Flavian Amphitheater”) THE GOOD EMPERORS • The Adoptive system more widely used • Trajan (98-117AD) • Spanish, expands empire to its greatest extent • Hadrian (117-138AD) • Codified Roman law (same for all provinces) • Defensive wall in G.B. 73 miles long • Marcus Aurelius (161-180AD) • Last of the good emperors (“Philosopher King”) • Spent most of his time fighting Germans • His son Commodus begins the decline of the empire