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Janet Frascella MSN,Ed,RN Normal Anatomy & Physiology includes: 2 testicles Ductal System: epididymis, ductus deferens, and ejaculatory ducts Accessory Glands: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral or cowper’s glands External Genitals:urethra and penis Sits at base of bladder Wraps around upper part of urethra Purpose: provide secretions for semen, aid in ejaculation Does not secrete hormones The male reproductive organs are shared with the urinary tract. Disorders of one system often effects the other system. A male patient who has a disorder or dysfunction of the reproductive tract is often treated by a urologist. Prostate enlargement may occur with risk of urethral obstruction. Decrease in sperm production, but fertility remains intact. After the age of 60, cycle of sexual response lengthens. Sexual activity in the older man is closely related to his sexual activity in younger years. Involves the use of spermicidal creams, gels, or foams applied before intercourse to kill sperm in the vagina. These are more effective when used with a condom. Latex condoms provide some protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Vasectomy-sterilization of the male. Surgical procedure performed on the vas deferens for the purpose of interrupting the continuity of the duct. Considered permanent but occasionally a vasectomy with microsurgery. Performed on an outpatient basis. Local anesthesia is used. Incision made into the scrotal sac on each side and vas is lifted out. Instruct patient to use ice applications and acetaminophen or ibuprofen for scrotal pain and swelling for the first 12 to 24 hours post-op. 2 negative sperm counts are needed for patient to be considered infertile. Prostate Disorders: Prostatitis- inflammation of the prostate gland can occur anytime after puberty chronic, acute or a single episode Three types: 1. Acute bacterial 2. Chronic bacterial 3. Nonbacterial Physician inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the rectum to evaluate the size and consistency of the prostate and to detect any nodules. Should be done yearly after the age of 50. Semen analysis-patient provides a semen specimen, which is analyzed for volume and for sperm count motility. Testicular self-exam (TSE)-encouraged regularly for early detection of cancer. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level-blood test, level above 10 may be indicative of cancer. Prostate tissue analysis(biopsy)-sample tissue or fluid is aspirated and samples sent for pathology. Testosterone level-need to obtain a morning sample because testosterone levels are highest in the morning. High levels may indicate a testicular tumor. Erectile Dysfunction (ED)- also known as impotence. Inability to achieve or maintain an erection that is firm enough for sexual intercourse more than 25% of the time. ED has both psychological and organic causes. Treatment: Depends on the cause. Medical conditions are treated, hormone therapy, vascular surgery may be indicated for blood flow obstruction. Primary intervention for ED is reversing the problem. Erectile dysfunction drugs such as, Viagra, Cialis. (Should not be taken with cardiac problems) Penile implants. Priapism-persistent abnormal erection that can develop into a medical emergency. Infertility: Approximately 25% to 30% of infertility causes may be due to male factors. Testicular disorders are the most frequent cause of male infertility. Drugs, infections, systemic disorders can cause testicular failure. Semen analysis and sperm count is performed. A larger than normal amount of fluid between the testis and the tunica vaginalis within the scrotum. The fluid accumulation may be caused by infection. Hydrocele causes enlargement of the scrotum, usually painless but the weight and bulk of the fluid can cause discomfort. Twisting of the testes and the spermatic cord. Commonly caused by elevated hormone levels in young men or the result of scrotal trauma. S/S include sudden acute scrotal pain and absence of cermasteric reflex (retraction of the testicles when the inner thigh is stroked) Diagnosis is made by ultrasound. Treatment is emergency surgery to remove the testicle. Condition in which a plaque of nonelastic fiberous tissue develops in the tunica portion of the penis. The penis will curve upward when an erection occurs. Erection may be painful. Treatment is conservative, may be treated with injections to dissolve plaque. Signs/Symptoms: Symptoms related to obstruction include: Decrease in size or force of urinary stream Difficulty starting a stream Dribbling after urination is thought to be completed Urinary retention Feeling that the bladder is not empty Interrupted stream-(urine stops mid stream and then starts again) Narrowing causes an obstruction and may lead to urinary retention and eventually distention of the kidney with urine (hydronephrosis) No known cause other than normal aging Men over 50, more commonly in men over 70 Complications: Hydronephrosis - urine back-up into kidneys Renal insufficiency Urosepsis Diagnostic Tests: Medical history is important Digital rectal exam (DRE) Urinalysis BUN & creatinine (PSA) - prostate-specific antigen level - this will be elevated (normal = less than 4.0) Urodynamic flow studies - assesses urine flow rate Transrectal ultrasound, cystoscopy Treatment: Antibiotics for UTI Indwelling or intermittent catheter Encourage Fluids Alpha-adrenergic antagonists - used to relax smooth muscle of the prostate, Ex. Flomax, Hytrin and Cardura Surgical Treatment: (TURP)-Transurethral resection - most used to relieve obstruction caused by an enlarged prostate (TUIP)-Transurethral incision of the prostate, incision into the gland to relieve the obstruction (TULIP)-Transurethral ultrasound-guided lasarinduced prostatectomy used to relieve obstruction Surgical Treatment: Radical Prostatectomy - removal of the entire prostate gland when the gland is very large, is causing obstruction, or is cancerous (TURP)-Transurethral Resection of the Prostate Patient is anesthetized and surgery is performed with a scope Resectoscope inserted into the urethra and prostate gland is “chipped away” a piece at a time Chips are flushed out using an irrigating solution and are sent to lab for analysis Gland is not completely removed but peeled back like an orange Post-OP: Bleeding is common Foley catheter is left in place Balloon is overinflated with 30-60mL of sterile water and tightly secured to leg Creates tamponade to compress the prostate and stop the bleeding (CBI)-continuous bladder irrigation is usually kept running for the first 24 hours Complications: Clot formation Bladder spasms Infection Hemorrhage Erectile dysfunction Nursing Interventions: Closely monitor urinary output, amount, color and presence of clots hourly for first 24 hrs Encourage patient to drink 2500mL per day unless contraindicated Monitor for acute pain and bladder spasms and administer analgesics as ordered Second most common cause of cancer death in US in men over 60 years of age Usually slow growing and does not cause a major threat to health or life Prostate cancer rates are highest in African American men Risk Factors: Age - usually in men over 65 High levels of testosterone High fat diet Immediate family history Occupational exposure to cadmium (e.g. welding, alkaline battery manufacturing) Signs/Symptoms: Rare to have symptoms in early stage Later symptoms: Urinary obstruction Hematuria Urinary retention Advanced symptoms (metastatic stage): Bone pain in back or hip Anemia, weight loss, weakness Complications: Difficulty urinating Bladder or kidney infection Pain Bone fractures Weight loss Depression Death if treatment is unsuccessful Diagnosis: (DRE)-Digital Rectal Exam, examiner may find a hard lump or hardened lobe (PSA)-Prostate Specific Antigen-levels will be elevated (PAP)-Prostatic Acid Phosphatase-will be elevated, this test is indicative of cancer spreading out of the capsule Treatment - Early Stages: Testosterone-suppressing medications, e.g. Lupron, Zoladex TURP or radical prostatectomy Combination of medication and radiation Treatment - Later Stages: Radical prostatectomy, radiation or implantation of radioactive seeds into the prostate Bilateral Orchiectomy - surgical removal of thetesticles, (relieves symptoms by blocking testosterone) Estrogen Therapy Chemotherapy to help relieve symptoms from spread of cancer Treatment: Radical Prostatectomy-reserved for patients with cancer of the prostate or when the gland is too large to resect with a TURP Post-op - the patient will return with large indwelling catheter in the urethra or may have a suprapubic catheter Nursing Implications: Assess catheter for patency and s/s of bleeding Assess level of pain and medicate as ordered Assess incision for drainage or s/s of infection Notify physician of any abnormal findings Instruct men over the age of 40 to have a yearly DRE of the prostate, men over 50 - PSA Phimosis - condition in which foreskin of uncircumcised male becomes so tight that it is impossible to clean the area underneath Smegma -a cottage cheese-like secretion made by the glands of the foreskin, becomes trapped under the foreskin, becomes an excellent place for the growth of bacteria and yeast (infections) Treatment: Antibiotics Warm soaks to area Physician may need to cut a slit in foreskin to relieve pressure and treat infection Full circumcision if problem continues Problem is preventable by instructing males who are not circumcised to pull the foreskin back carefully and wash with soap and water Paraphimosis - occurs when the uncircumcised foreskin is pulled back during bathing or intercourse and not immediately replaced in a forward position Result is constriction of the dorsal veins which leads to edema and pain Requires immediate medical attention to prevent circulation problems or gangrene Cancer of the Penis - has been found in men who have not been circumcised as babies or have acquired the human papillomavirus (HPV) Tumor looks like a small, round, raised wart One type of cancer that may be spread to the sex partner (HPV – linked with cervical cancer in female) Treatment: Circumcision Laser removal of the growth Cutting away all or part of the penis Radiation Chemotherapy Finding and treating any wart-like tumor in it’s earliest stages is an important part of patient education Most common solid tumor in men 15 to 40 years of age Peaks between 20 and 34 years of age Etiology unknown Risk factors-family history, mothers use of DES (estrogen preparation once used to prevent spontaneous abortion while pregnant), white race Prevention: **Monthly self-testicular exam ! Signs/Symptoms: Early warning signs = small painless lump on the side or front of the testes Swollen scrotum that feels heavy Late Symptoms: Back pain Shortness of breath Difficulty swallowing Breast enlargement Changes in vision or mental status indicate metastasis Complications: Emotional complications - fear of cancer and death Loss of masculine body image and sexual function Dealing with pain Metastasis to lungs, abdomen, lymph nodes Diagnostic Tests: Ultrasound of the testes Chest x-ray to look for spread to lungs Scan of lymph nodes, liver, brain and bones Blood is drawn for tumor markers (some tumors secrete chemicals, labs are drawn to see if levels are elevated) Exploration, biopsy and removal of the testes are done to decide the stage of the tumor Staging of Testicular Tumors: Stage I - tumor only in the testes Stage II - tumor spread to groin lymph nodes Stage III - tumor spread past lymph nodes usually to the lungs (or other organ) Treatment: Depends on the stage of the cancer All treatment begins with complete removal of cancerous testes, spermatic cord, and local lymph nodes Stage I-radiation to groin and lymph nodes Stage II-chemotherapy Stage III-both radiation and chemotherapy Nursing Interventions: Emotional support If patient does not have children, encourage to make deposit in sperm bank Helping patient deal with pain and side effects of chemotherapy/radiation