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SOCIOLOGY
Richard T. Schaefer
20
McGraw-Hill
Communities and
Urbanization
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 2
20. Communities and
Urbanization
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•
•
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How Did Communities Originate?
Urbanization
Types of Communities
Social Policy and Communities
McGraw-Hill
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Slide 3
How Did Communities Originate?
• Early Communities
– Dependent on the physical environment for
food supply
– Horticultural societies led to dramatic
changes in human social organization
• No longer necessary to move in search of food
• Stable communities helped establish food
surpluses
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Slide 4
How Did Communities Originate?
Table 20-1. Comparing Types of Cities
Sources: Based on E. Philips 1996:132—135; Sjoberg 1960:323—328
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Slide 5
Urbanization
• Preindustrial Cities
– Had only a few thousand people living
within their borders
– Characterized by relatively closed class
systems and limited social mobility
Status usually based on ascribed characteristics, and
education was limited to elite
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Slide 6
Urbanization
• Preindustrial Cities
– Remained small
due to:
• Reliance on animal power
• Modest levels of surplus
• Problems in transportation and
storage of food
• Hardships of migration to the
city
• Dangers of city life
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Slide 7
Urbanization
• Industrial and Postindustrial Cities
– Industrial City: More populous and
complex than predecessors
– Postindustrial City: Global finance
and electronic flow of information
dominate the economy
– Urbanism: relatively large and
permanent settlement leads to
distinctive patterns of behavior
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Slide 8
Urbanization
• Urbanization has become central aspect
of life in the U.S.
– During 19th and early 20th centuries, rapid
urbanization occurred in European and
North American cities
– Since WW II, urban “explosion” hit world’s
developing countries
Megalopolis: metropolitan areas that spread so far that
they connect with other urban centers
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Slide 9
Urbanization
• Functionalist View: Urban Ecology
– Human Ecology: interrelationships
between people and their spatial settings
and physical environments
– Urban Ecology: focuses on relationships
as they emerge in urban areas
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Slide 10
Urbanization
• Functionalist View: Urban Ecology
– Concentric-zone Theory: center, or
nucleus, of a city is the most highly valued
land and each succeeding zone
surrounding the center contains other
types of land which are valued differently
– Multiple-nuclei theory: all urban growth
does not radiate out from a central district
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Slide 11
Urbanization
• Conflict View: New Urban Sociology
– New urban sociology: considers
interplay of local, national, and worldwide
forces and their effects on local space
– World Systems Analysis: certain
industrialized nations hold dominant
position at core of global economic system
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Slide 12
Urbanization
Figure 20-1. Global Urbanization 3025 (projected)
Sources: National Geographic Atlas of the World, 8th ed. (Washington, D.C.: National
Geographic Society) 2005 pp. 104-105
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Slide 13
Urbanization
Figure 20-2. Comparison of Ecological Theories of Urban Growth
Source: Harris and Ulmann 1945:13
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Slide 14
Types of Communities
• Central Cities
– Urban Dwellers
• Gans distinguishes 5 types found in cities:
– cosmopolites
– unmarried and
childless people
– ethnic villagers
– the deprived
– the trapped
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Defended
Need
to add
neighborhood:
people who
live in naturally
people’s
definitions
occurring
of
retirement
their
community
communities
boundaries
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Slide 15
Types of Communities
• Central Cities
– Issues Facing Cities
• Crime
• Pollution
• Schools
• Inadequate transportation
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Slide 16
Types of Communities
• Asset-Based Community Development
(ABCD)
– Leaders, policymakers, and advocates
identify a community’s strengths and then
seek to mobilize those assets
Helps communities recognize human resources
they might overlook
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Slide 17
Types of Communities
• Suburbs
– Any community near a large city
– Three social factors differentiate suburbs
from cities
• Less dense than cities
• Private space
• More exacting building codes
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Slide 18
Types of Communities
• Suburbs
– Suburban Expansion
• Suburbanization most dramatic population
trend in U.S. during 20th century
– Diversity in the suburbs
• The suburbs contain a significant number of
low-income people from all backgrounds
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Slide 19
Types of Communities
• Rural Communities
– One-fourth of the population lives in towns
of 2,500 people or less that are not
adjacent to a city
– Agriculture only accounts for 9% of
employment in non-urban counties
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Slide 20
Social Policy and Communities
• Seeking Shelter Worldwide
– The Issue
• For many people worldwide, housing problem
consists of merely finding shelter they can
afford
• What can be done to ensure adequate housing
for those who can’t afford it?
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Slide 21
Social Policy and Communities
• Seeking Shelter Worldwide
– The Setting
• Homelessness evident in industrialized and
developing countries
• By 1998, in urban areas alone, 600 million
people around the world were either homeless
or inadequately housed
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Slide 22
Social Policy and Communities
• Seeking Shelter Worldwide
– Sociological Insights
• Homelessness functions as a master status
– Homeless are outside of society
• Homeless women often have additional
problems that distinguish them from homeless
men
• Sociologists attribute homelessness in
developing nations to income inequality and
population growth
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Slide 23
Social Policy and Communities
• Seeking Shelter Worldwide
– Policy Initiatives
• Policymakers mostly content to direct homeless
to large, overcrowded, unhealthy shelters
• Homeless people are not getting the shelter
they need
• Lack the political clout to get the attention of
policymakers
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