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Group Influence Social Psychology by David G. Myers 9th Edition Group Influence Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. What Is a Group? Group Influence • Group – We are all involved in groups – Two or more people – Interact with and influence each other • Intellectuals hang out with other intellectuals • Deviants hang out with other deviants – Perceive one another as “us” Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Groups Group Influence • How do you think groups affect our attitudes? • Do groups influence individuals or do individuals influence groups? – Example: Do people who are deviant seek out deviant groups, or do they become deviant because they are part of the deviant group? Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Social Facilitation Group Influence • The presence of others – Triplett (1898): noticed that cyclists pedaled faster when up against other cyclists, than when up against the clock. – People also figure out multiplication problems and are more accurate in the presence of others – This effect has been found for animals also – The presence of others may also hinder performance: learning nonsense syllables, mazes, and performing complex multiplication. – Zajonc (1965) arousal enhances performance on easy or dominant tasks Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Social Facilitation Group Influence • Crowding: The presence of many others • We are aroused in the presence of others – Having your extended family attend your first piano performance probably will not boost your performance – Being in a crowd intensifies positive or negative reactions • When they sit together friendly people are liked even more, and unfriendly people are disliked even more Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Social Facilitation Group Influence • Why are we aroused in the presence of others? • Evaluation apprehension: we wonder how others are evaluating us • Driven by distraction: when we wonder how co-actors are doing or how the audience is reacting we become distracted. The conflict between paying attention to others or the task overloads our system, causing arousal. • Mere presence: just the mere presence of someone causes arousal Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Social Facilitation Group Influence Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Group Work Group Influence • What are your thoughts on group work? Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Social Loafing Group Influence Social Loafing: the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable • Many hands make light work: – Ringelmann researched tug of war efforts and found that group members may be less motivated when performing additive tasks. – Ingham: people pulled 18% harder when they thought they were pulling alone Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Social Loafing Group Influence • Social loafing in everyday life: – Assembly line workers produced 16% more when their individual output was identified – People tend to slack off when their efforts are not individually measured or rewarded – However, on challenging tasks people may perceive their efforts as indispensible Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Social Loafing Group Influence Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Social Facilitation or Social Loafing? Group Influence Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Deindividuation Group Influence • Doing together what we would not do alone – Group size: a group can arouse its members, but also to render them unidentifiable – Physical anonymity: • The KKK • When asked to deliver an electric shock, women wearing white coats and hoods pressed the button twice as long as women who were visible and had name tags. – Arousing and distracting activities • Aggressive outbursts by large groups are often by minor actions that arouse and divert people’s attention • Diminished self-awareness: group experiences that diminish self-awareness tend to disconnect behavior from attitude Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Group Polarization Group Influence • Group polarization: group produced enhancement of members’ preexisting tendencies • The case of the “risky shift” – Group decisions are usually riskier in some situations • Do groups intensify opinions? – Group polarization experiments • Discussion can strengthen attitudes – Group polarization in everyday life: • In everyday life people associated mostly with those whose attitudes are similar to their own • Do nerds become nerdier and jocks jockier? Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Group Polarization Group Influence • Explaining polarization – Informational influence: group discussions lead to a pooling of ideas, most of which favor the dominant view point. • Active participation may lead to more attitude change – Normative influence: we are most persuaded by people we identify with Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Group Polarization Group Influence Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Groupthink Group Influence • Groupthink: the mode of thinking persons engage in when concurrence-seeking becomes so dominant in a cohesive in-group that it tends to override realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Groupthink Group Influence • Symptoms of groupthink: – Groups can overestimate their group’s might and right • An illusion of invulnerability • Unquestioned belief in the group’s morality – Group members become close-minded • Rationalization: justify their decisions • Stereotyped view of the opponent – The group suffers from pressures of uniformity • • • • Conformity pressure Self-censorship Illusion of unanimity Mindguards: some group members protect the group from info that would call into question the effectiveness and morality of their decisions Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Groupthink Group Influence Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Minority Influence Group Influence • Consistency • Self-confidence • Defections from the majority Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.