Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Slide 1 SOCIOLOGY Richard T. Schaefer 20 McGraw-Hill Communities and Urbanization © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 2 20. Communities and Urbanization • • • • How Did Communities Originate? Urbanization Types of Communities Social Policy and Communities McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 3 How Did Communities Originate? • Early Communities – Dependent on the physical environment for food supply – Horticultural societies led to dramatic changes in human social organization • No longer necessary to move in search of food • Stable communities helped establish food surpluses McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 4 How Did Communities Originate? Table 20-1. Comparing Types of Cities Sources: Based on E. Philips 1996:132—135; Sjoberg 1960:323—328 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 5 Urbanization • Preindustrial Cities – Had only a few thousand people living within their borders – Characterized by relatively closed class systems and limited social mobility Status usually based on ascribed characteristics, and education was limited to elite McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 6 Urbanization • Preindustrial Cities – Remained small due to: • Reliance on animal power • Modest levels of surplus • Problems in transportation and storage of food • Hardships of migration to the city • Dangers of city life McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 7 Urbanization • Industrial and Postindustrial Cities – Industrial City: More populous and complex than predecessors – Postindustrial City: Global finance and electronic flow of information dominate the economy – Urbanism: relatively large and permanent settlement leads to distinctive patterns of behavior McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 8 Urbanization • Urbanization has become central aspect of life in the U.S. – During 19th and early 20th centuries, rapid urbanization occurred in European and North American cities – Since WW II, urban “explosion” hit world’s developing countries Megalopolis: metropolitan areas that spread so far that they connect with other urban centers McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 9 Urbanization • Functionalist View: Urban Ecology – Human Ecology: interrelationships between people and their spatial settings and physical environments – Urban Ecology: focuses on relationships as they emerge in urban areas McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 10 Urbanization • Functionalist View: Urban Ecology – Concentric-zone Theory: center, or nucleus, of a city is the most highly valued land and each succeeding zone surrounding the center contains other types of land which are valued differently – Multiple-nuclei theory: all urban growth does not radiate out from a central district McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 11 Urbanization • Conflict View: New Urban Sociology – New urban sociology: considers interplay of local, national, and worldwide forces and their effects on local space – World Systems Analysis: certain industrialized nations hold dominant position at core of global economic system McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 12 Urbanization Figure 20-1. Global Urbanization 3025 (projected) Sources: National Geographic Atlas of the World, 8th ed. (Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society) 2005 pp. 104-105 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 13 Urbanization Figure 20-2. Comparison of Ecological Theories of Urban Growth Source: Harris and Ulmann 1945:13 McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 14 Types of Communities • Central Cities – Urban Dwellers • Gans distinguishes 5 types found in cities: – cosmopolites – unmarried and childless people – ethnic villagers – the deprived – the trapped McGraw-Hill Defended Need to add neighborhood: people who live in naturally people’s definitions occurring of retirement their community communities boundaries © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 15 Types of Communities • Central Cities – Issues Facing Cities • Crime • Pollution • Schools • Inadequate transportation McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 16 Types of Communities • Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) – Leaders, policymakers, and advocates identify a community’s strengths and then seek to mobilize those assets Helps communities recognize human resources they might overlook McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 17 Types of Communities • Suburbs – Any community near a large city – Three social factors differentiate suburbs from cities • Less dense than cities • Private space • More exacting building codes McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 18 Types of Communities • Suburbs – Suburban Expansion • Suburbanization most dramatic population trend in U.S. during 20th century – Diversity in the suburbs • The suburbs contain a significant number of low-income people from all backgrounds McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 19 Types of Communities • Rural Communities – One-fourth of the population lives in towns of 2,500 people or less that are not adjacent to a city – Agriculture only accounts for 9% of employment in non-urban counties McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 20 Social Policy and Communities • Seeking Shelter Worldwide – The Issue • For many people worldwide, housing problem consists of merely finding shelter they can afford • What can be done to ensure adequate housing for those who can’t afford it? McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 21 Social Policy and Communities • Seeking Shelter Worldwide – The Setting • Homelessness evident in industrialized and developing countries • By 1998, in urban areas alone, 600 million people around the world were either homeless or inadequately housed McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 22 Social Policy and Communities • Seeking Shelter Worldwide – Sociological Insights • Homelessness functions as a master status – Homeless are outside of society • Homeless women often have additional problems that distinguish them from homeless men • Sociologists attribute homelessness in developing nations to income inequality and population growth McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Slide 23 Social Policy and Communities • Seeking Shelter Worldwide – Policy Initiatives • Policymakers mostly content to direct homeless to large, overcrowded, unhealthy shelters • Homeless people are not getting the shelter they need • Lack the political clout to get the attention of policymakers McGraw-Hill © 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.