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Intro. to Animals Ch 32-34 5/25/2017 1 Sort of Definition of animals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. multicellular, heterotrophic, eukaryotes No cell wall Dominant generation is diploid Most are motile for some of their life Also… have embryonic development that forms layers of differentiated tissues (eumetazoans) Other points of agreement: 6. Sponges are basal animals, and common ancestor 7. Chordates and other phyla are deuterostomes 8. Most show bilateral symmetry 5/25/2017 9. Most have internal body cavities 2 Further explanations 8) body symmetry • radial = have a top/bottom, no sides/back • bilateral= 2 sides, cut in “identical halves”, top = dorsal, bottom = ventral, front = anterior, back = posterior • cephalization = concentration of senses toward the anterior 5/25/2017 3 5. Tissue formation begins in embryonic development tissue complexity - parazoans – no “true tissues”, when tissues formed = eumetazoa 1) Zygote forms and starts cleavage= mitosis of the cell 2) blastula is formed (a hollow ball) – inside cells are called the blastocoel 3) Gastrulation occurs in which the tissues start to differentiate – gastrula is formed • Then further development occurs (stem cells) 5/25/2017 4 9) body cavity = fluid lined space, separates digestive system from the rest of the body • acoelomates – no cavity, solid body • pseudocoelomate = not completely lined cavity • coelomates = true coelom = tissue lined cavity from mesoderm 5/25/2017 5 7. 6 6. 5/25/2017 7 Grandmax ? 5/25/2017 8 Invertebrates (ch 33) 5/25/2017 9 (beetles; 350,000 species) The titan beetle of the Amazon 5/25/2017 11 Refer back to this to navigate rest Inverts are diverse and account for 95% of all animals Where is the human clade? 12 Invertebrates Parazoa – closest to protist, non-eumetazoa • 1/1) Phylum “Porifera”marine, filter feeders, uses pores (spongocoel) and large opening (osculum), lack true tissues, unorganized cells, immobile, hermaphrodites, ex. sponge 5/25/2017 13 Radiata – true tissues, radial symmetry 1/2) Phylum Cnidaria - marine, sac with 1 opening for digestion • 2 body forms 1) Medusa = umbrella-like body, dangling tentacles with stinging threads = nematocysts video 2) Polyp = sessile, cylinder shaped, rising tentacle 2/2) Phylum Ctenophora – marine, cilia to move, ex. comb jelly 14 5/25/2017 15 Lophotrochozoans, non-deuterostomes with either a crown of ciliated tentacles (lopho) or a distinct larval stage (trocho) 1/6) Phylum Platyhelminthes – Acoelomates – bilateral symmetry, no coelom, most marine, parasites parasite videos, some have digestive "system", have nerve cords, 1 gut opening, ex. Flatworms (planarians), tapeworms, flukes 5/25/2017 16 5/25/2017 17 2/6) Phylum Rotifera – Psuedocoelomates – fake coelom, bilateral, have jaws with cilia, complete digestive track = alimentary canal, first with 2 gut openings, ex. Rotifers Other (less prominent) Lophotrochozoan phyla include: Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Acanthocephala, Cyliophora and Nemertea (proboscis worms); see pgs.667-668 5/25/2017 18 3/6) Phylum Mollusca – Protostomes, Coelomates, bilateral Most secrete a hard calcium carbonate shell b/c of soft body • 3 parts: • muscular foot (movement) • visceral mass (organs) • mantle (shell) • ex. snails, bivalves, slugs, octopus, squid, p677-678 5/25/2017 19 How many parts can you label? 5/25/2017 20 Figure 33.20 Mantle Hinge area Coelom Gut Heart Digestive gland Adductor muscle (one or two) Anus Mouth Excurrent siphon Shell Palp Foot Mantle cavity Gonad Gill Water flow Incurrent siphon Squid Octopus cephalopods Chambered nautilus 5/25/2017 23 4/6) Phylum Annelida – protostomes, coelomates, segmented worms, some parasitic or decomposers, brain like ganglia at the front, pumping vessels for blood flow, hermaphrodites, ex. leeches, earthworms • Why is coelom and segmentation important? • cushion and specialization; hydrostatic skeleton 5/25/2017 24 5/25/2017 25 The last two lophophores • 5/6 Ectoprocta: The Bryozoa, also known as Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals are a phylum of aquatic invertebrate animals • 6/6 brachiopods 5/25/2017 26 Ecdysozoans, secrete exoskeletons 1/2) Phylum Nematoda - roundworms, unsegmented, pseudocoelomates, live in soil, decomposers, periodically shed cuticle, sexual repro., ex. C. elegans 5/25/2017 27 2/2) Phylum Arthropoda - segmented, jointed appendages, exoskeleton of chitin, developed N.S, different life cycles (metamorphosis- eggs, larvae, pupa, adult), open circulatory system, heart, more complex gas exchange, most 28 5/25/2017 in numbers, ex. insects, spiders, crustaceans Figure 33.32b 50 m Dust mite Figure 33.30 Cephalothorax Antennae (sensory reception) Abdomen Thorax Head Swimming appendages (one pair per abdominal segment Pincer (defense) Mouthparts (feeding) Walking legs Figure 33.37 (a) Larva (caterpillar) (b) Pupa (c) Later-stage (d) Emerging pupa adult (e) Adult 5/25/2017 32 Deuterostomes, “second mouth” 1/2) Phylum Chordata (non-invert, next chapter) 2/2) Phylum Echinodermata - radial, water vascular system, tube feet that aid in movement, feeding and gas exchange, marine, complete digestive track, ex. sea star, sea urchin 5/25/2017 33 Figure 33.42 5/25/2017 35 Invertebrate quick check… Invertebrates: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata 1. Which group includes snails, clams, and squid? 2. Which group is the sponges? 3. Which are the flatworms? a. …segmented worms? b. …roundworms? 4. Which group has jointed appendages & an exoskeleton? 5. Which two groups have radial symmetry? 6. What is the adaptive advantage of bilateral symmetry? 7. Which group has no symmetry? RISE OF THE CHORDATES 5/25/2017 38 What is a chordate? 5/25/2017 39 What is a chordate? • Chordates are animals possessing a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a post-anal tail for at least some period of their life cycles. 5/25/2017 40 What is a chordate? • Chordates are animals possessing a notochord, a hollow dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, an endostyle, and a post-anal tail for at least some period of their life cycles. – An endostyle is a longitudinal ciliated groove on the ventral wall of the pharynx which produces mucus to gather food particles. 5/25/2017 41 Phylum Chordata 5/25/2017 (ch 34) 42 Reorientation Inverts are diverse and account for 95% of all animals Where is the human clade? 43 2) Phylum Chordata – bilateral, coelomates with segmented bodies; includes 2 invertebrate groups → lancelets, tunicates (closest invertebrate to human) and then the vertebrates 5/25/2017 44 Common features 1) Notochord - dorsal flexible fluid filled rod, support, usually replaced by bone during development 2) Dorsal hollow nerve cord - basis for nervous system, brain/spine 3) Pharyngeal gill slits – can become gills for O2 exchange or filter feeding 4) Muscular tail – postanal, muscles/bones for movement - also have neural crest (specialization cells), cephalization, 45 5/25/2017 vert. column and closed circulatory system 5/25/2017 46 Phylogeny – p699 5/25/2017 47 Vertebrates • More complex nervous system • More elaborate skeleton (have bones that enclose the spinal cord) • Have the 4 common features at some point in development, may disappear • More efficient at – Capturing food – Avoiding being eaten • ** p.704 5/25/2017 48 1) Class Myxini - jawless fishlike animals, no appendages, in water, p.703, ex. Hagfish 2) Class Petromyzontida – p.704, ex. lampreys 3) Class Chondrichthyes – jaws , cartilaginous fish, fins, gills, lay eggs (oviparous), or hatch in uterus (ovoviparous), (humans are viviparous – nourish in womb), p.706, ex. sharks, skates, rays 4) Class Osteichthyes - bony fish, most lay eggs, gills, swim bladder (air sac= buoyancy), ex. tuna, bass, trout, p.708 basic structure, ray-finned vs. 49 5/25/2017 lobe-finned Figure 34.9 Hagfishes Slime glands Figure 34.10 Lampreys Figure 34.11 Conodonts were the first vertebrates with mineralized skeletal elements Dental elements (within head) Figure 34.13 Gill slits Cranium Mouth Skeletal rods Figure 34.15 Dorsal fins Chondrichthyans (Sharks, Rays, and Their Relatives) Pectoral Pelvic fins fins (a) Blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) (b) Southern stingray (Dasyatis americana) (c) Spotted ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei) Figure 34.17 Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) Red lionfish (Pterois volitans) Common sea horse (Hippocampus ramulosus) Fine-spotted moray eel (Gymnothorax dovii) 5) Class Amphibia – “both ways of life” appendages to walk on land (tetrapods), aquatic larval stage then terrestrial adult, lay eggs (amniotic sac) or live birth, respire via lungs or skin, p.712, ex. frog, salamander 5/25/2017 56 Amniotes 6) Class Reptilia- terrestrial, scaly skin, lungs, lay amniotic eggs (protection) or live birth, exotherms (cold blooded), no feathers, p.715, ex. snake, lizard, turtle 7) Class Aves - feathers on smaller forewings, fly, lungs, endotherms (warm blooded), internal fertilization by lay eggs, air sacs, good vision, p.718, ex. birds 5/25/2017 57 8) Class Mammalia - have hair, endotherms, 4 chambered efficient heart, mammary glands, diaphragm, most give birth to young, differentiated teeth, p.720, major orders – Monotremes – lay eggs, ex. Platypus – Marsupials – pouched birth, ex. Some moles, kangaroo – Placentals (eutherians) – live birth, ex. Humans, dogs 5/25/2017 58 Figure 34.38 Monotremes • Monotremes are a small group of egg-laying mammals consisting of echidnas and the platypus Marsupials • Marsupials include opossums, kangaroos, and koalas • The embryo develops within a placenta in the mother’s uterus • A marsupial is born very early in its development • It completes its embryonic development while nursing in a maternal pouch called a marsupium © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 34.39 (a) A young brushtail possum (b) Long-nosed bandicoot Figure 34.40 Convergent evolution of marsupials and eutherians (placental mammals). Marsupial mammals Plantigale Eutherian mammals Deer mouse Mole Marsupial mole Sugar glider Flying squirrel Wombat Tasmanian devil Kangaroo Woodchuck Wolverine Patagonian cavy Figure 34.41b Orders and Examples Main Characteristics Lay eggs; no nipples; young suck milk from fur of mother Monotremata Platypuses, echidnas Orders and Examples Completes embryonic development in pouch on mother’s body Marsupialia Kangaroos, opossums, koalas Echidna Proboscidea Elephants Koala Long, muscular trunk; thick, loose skin; upper incisors elongated as tusks Tubulidentata Aardvarks Teeth consisting of many thin tubes cemented together; eats ants and termites Aardvark African elephant Sirenia Manatees, dugongs Aquatic; finlike forelimbs and no hind limbs; herbivorous Hyracoidea Hyraxes Manatee Xenarthra Sloths, anteaters, armadillos Tamandua Lagomorpha Rabbits, hares, picas Jackrabbit Carnivora Dogs, wolves, bears, cats, weasels, otters, seals, walruses Rock hyrax Short legs; stumpy tail; herbivorous; complex, multichambered stomach Reduced teeth or no teeth; herbivorous (sloths) or carnivorous (anteaters, armadillos) Rodentia Squirrels, beavers, rats, porcupines, mice Chisel-like incisors; hind legs longer than forelegs and adapted for running and jumping; herbivorous Primates Lemurs, monkeys, chimpanzees, gorillas, Golden lion humans tamarin Sharp, pointed canine teeth and molars for shearing; carnivorous Perissodactyla Hooves with an odd Horses, zebras, number of toes on tapirs, each foot; herbivorous rhinoceroses Indian rhinoceros Hooves with an even number of toes on each foot; herbivorous Chiroptera Bats Coyote Cetartiodactyla Artiodactyls Sheep, pigs, cattle, deer, Bighorn sheep giraffes Cetaceans Whales, dolphins, porpoises Pacific whitesided porpoise Main Characteristics Red squirrel Frog-eating bat Aquatic; streamlined body; paddle-like fore-limbs and no hind limbs; thick layer of insulating blubber; carnivorous Eulipotyphla “Core insectivores”: some moles, some shrews Chisel-like, continuously growing incisors worn down by gnawing; herbivorous Opposable thumbs; forward-facing eyes; well-developed cerebral cortex; omnivorous Adapted for flight; broad skinfold that extends from elongated fingers to body and legs; carnivorous or herbivorous Eat mainly insects and other small invertebrates Star-nosed mole You share 1-4% of your genes with Neanderthals, if you are not of direct African descent. Explain. 5/25/2017 64 Evolution of Humans • we are primates (order) and hominids 5/25/2017 65 Figure 34.43 Lemurs, lorises, and bush babies Tarsiers ANCESTRAL PRIMATE Old World monkeys Gibbons Orangutans Gorillas Chimpanzees and bonobos Humans 60 50 20 30 40 Time (millions of years ago) 10 0 Anthropoids New World monkeys Concept 34.8: Humans are mammals that have a large brain and bipedal locomotion • The species Homo sapiens is about 200,000 years old, which is very young, considering that life has existed on Earth for at least 3.5 billion years © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Derived Characters of Humans • A number of characters distinguish humans from other apes – Upright posture and bipedal locomotion – Larger brains capable of language, symbolic thought, artistic expression, the manufacture and use of complex tools – Reduced jawbones and jaw muscles – Shorter digestive tract © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • The human and chimpanzee genomes are 99% identical • How can we be this close, yet so different? © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. 5/25/2017 70 Amniotes: amniotic egg, rib cage ventilation Lobe-fins: muscular fins or limbs Tetrapods: four limbs, neck, fused pelvic girdle Osteichthyans: bony skeleton Gnathostomes: hinged jaws, four sets of Hox genes Vertebrates: Dix genes duplication, backbone of vertebrae Craniates: two sets of Hox genes, neural crest Chordates: notochord; dorsal, hollow nerve cord; pharyngeal slits; post-anal tail Figure 34.UN10 Clade Description Cephalochordata (lancelets) Basal chordates; marine suspension feeders that exhibit four key derived characters of chordates Urochordata (tunicates) Marine suspension feeders; larvae display the derived traits of chordates Myxini (hagfishes and relatives) Jawless marine organisms; have head that includes a skull and brain, eyes, and other sensory organs Petromyzontida (lampreys) Jawless vertebrates; typically feed by attaching to a live fish and ingesting its blood Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, skates, ratfishes) Actinopterygii (ray-finned fishes) Aquatic gnathostomes; have cartilaginous skeleton, a derived trait formed by the reduction of an ancestral mineralized skeleton Aquatic gnathostomes; have bony skeleton and maneuverable fins supported by rays Actinistia (coelacanths) Dipnoi (lungfishes) Ancient lineage of aquatic lobe-fins still surviving in Indian Ocean Freshwater lobe-fins with both lungs and gills; sister group of tetrapods Amphibia (salamanders, frogs, caecilians) Have four limbs descended from modified fins; most have moist skin that functions in gas exchange; many live both in water (as larvae) and on land (as adults) Reptilia (tuataras, lizards and snakes, turtles, crocodilians, birds) One of two groups of living amniotes; have amniotic eggs and rib cage ventilation, key adaptations for life on land Mammalia (monotremes, marsupials, eutherians) Evolved from synapsid ancestors; include egg-laying monotremes (echidnas, platypus); pouched marsupials (such as kangaroos, opossums); and eutherians (placental mammals, such as rodents, primates) Animal Intro Review Quiz 1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree? 5/25/2017 72 Animal Intro Review Quiz 1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree? 2. What makes animals animals? 5/25/2017 73 Animal Intro Review Quiz 1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree? 2. What makes animals animals? 3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs. 5/25/2017 74 Animal Intro Review Quiz 1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree? 2. What makes animals animals? 3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs. 4. Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our evolutionary lineage? 5/25/2017 75 Animal Intro Review Quiz 1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree? 2. What makes animals animals? 3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs. 4. Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our evolutionary lineage? 5. Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the protostomes? 5/25/2017 76 Animal Intro Review Quiz 1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree? 2. What makes animals animals? 3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs. 4. Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our evolutionary lineage? 5. Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the protostomes? 6. What is the basal clade of animal taxon? 5/25/2017 77 Animal Intro Review Quiz 1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree? 2. What makes animals animals? 3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs. 4. Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our evolutionary lineage? 5. Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the protostomes? 6. What is the basal clade of animal taxon? 7. Why are members of the phylum Porifera (sponges) not considered eumetazoans? 5/25/2017 78 Animal Intro Review Quiz 1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree? 2. What makes animals animals? 3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs. 4. Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our evolutionary lineage? 5. Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the protostomes? 6. What is the basal clade of animal taxon? 7. Why are members of the phylum Porifera (sponges) not considered eumetazoans? 8. Even though rotifers developed an alimentary canal, we did not evolve from them? Therefore, alimentary canals are the product of ______________ _________________. 5/25/2017 79 Animal Intro Review Quiz 1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree? 2. What makes animals animals? 3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs. 4. Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our evolutionary lineage? 5. Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the protostomes? 6. What is the basal clade of animal taxon? 7. Why are members of the phylum Porifera (sponges) not considered eumetazoans? 8. Even though rotifers developed an alimentary canal, we did not evolve from them? Therefore, alimentary canals are the product of ______________ _________________. 9. To what are ganglia precursors? 5/25/2017 80 Animal Intro Review Quiz 1. What is the general name for the characteristics that define the split on the phylogenetic tree? 2. What makes animals animals? 3. Describe the process of the creation of internal organs. 4. Why are segmented worms (Annelids) important in our evolutionary lineage? 5. Using three cool vocab terms, what unites all the protostomes? 6. What is the basal clade of animal taxon? 7. Why are members of the phylum Porifera (sponges) not considered eumetazoans? 8. Even though rotifers developed an alimentary canal, we did not evolve from them.? Therefore, alimentary canals are the product of ______________ _________________. 9. To what are ganglia precursors? 10.Name any three defining traits of clades within the phylum Chordata. 5/25/2017 81