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1 Quick Review of Life Three domains Two are prokaryotes Archaea and Eubacteria Third is Eukarya: organisms with eukaryotic cell structure. Four kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plants and Animals What’s an animal? 2 An Animal IS: Multicellular, heterotrophic organism that develops from an embryo. Multicellular: made up of more than 1 cell. Heterotrophic: uses pre-formed organic compounds as source of nutrients, energy. Embryo: the earliest stage of a creature in which the cells are undifferentiated, that is, cells have not acquired specialized functions. 3 Generally true of animals: Reproduce sexually The only cells that are haploid are gametes (sperm and eggs). This ISN’T true of other kingdoms. For example, moss is haploid. Animals ingest their food. A few parasitic ones absorb food, most ingest. Most animals move Trying to find food or mates Some only move parts Movement is coordinated: behavior. 4 How are animals put together? As multicellular organisms, animals are highly structured Cells are differentiated (specialized) Cells with similar functions are organized into tissues. Groups of tissues form organs, structures that carry out certain functions for a body. Organs work together as organ systems. 5 Do all animals have a complex structure? The Parazoa have no organs Most of the Parazoa are sponges. Sponges are aggregates of 3 types of cells You can mince up a sponge, and it will reorganize to form a sponge again. http://www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedia/Sponge; www.lausd.k12.ca.us/. ../sponge_bob.jpg 6 Animals are all familiar? There’s probably more than 4 million different kinds of animals. Vertebrates (animals with backbones) are 1% of the total. Most different kinds of animals are insects, snails, jellyfish, and worms, animals without backbones. http://212.84.179.117/i/Red%20Poplar%20Leaf%20Beetle.jpg 7 As we go from simple animals to more complex ones: Symmetry Sponges have none. They are blobs. Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry One way digestive tract Primitive animals take food in, excrete, through same opening. More advanced: a mouth at one end, an anus at the other. http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/entomology/topics/images/bilat.jpg 8 More advanced animals have a body cavity A body cavity is called a coelom A place where the internal organs go Simple animals w/o a body cavity: acoelomates Some simple animals (roundworms = nematodes) have a pseudocoelom 9 Mollusks, annelids and “beyond” have a true coelom. Mollusks: clams, snails, squid Annelids: earthworms Beyond: insects, vertebrates Why is a coelom important? Allows muscles and internal organs to function without interfering with each other. 10 Arthropods: the most successful animals on earth. Successful: more different species than any other animal More individuals than any other animal 1018 vs. 6 x109 humans What do they have going for them? Exoskeleton Made of protein and chitin; protection Jointed limbs Allows for agile movement 11 How are arthropods classified? Chelicerates Spiders, mites, scorpions, horseshoe crabs Have specialized appendages used as fangs NOTE 12 Crustaceans Lobsters, crabs, shrimps, barnacles Have jaws and two pairs of antennae www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/. ../seaart/cope.html ; www.fishingnj.org/ prolobs.htm 13 Uniramia: Insects, millipedes, and centipedes Insects: 6 legs, 3 segments (head, thorax, and abdomen) Lots and lots of kinds and individuals www.toptraders-egypt.com/ top-insects.html 14 The most “advanced” animals Deuterostomes means 2nd, stome means mouth Other animals form mouth first, anus 2nd. Deuterostomes consist of 4 phyla: Echinoderms (spiny skin): starfish Arrow worms and acorn worms Chordata: From tunicates to tuna Deutero http://www.seaforyourself. com/images/Scrapbook/tu nicate.jpg; www.njscuba.net/biolog y/ sw_fish_pelagic.html 15 Chordates Have a notochord A flexible rod running down the back (dorsal) A dorsal hollow nerve cord Pharyngeal slits Gills in fish, other structures in humans A segmented body and postanal tail A tail that extends beyond the anus http://www.petsmart.com/medi a/ps/images/guides/aspca/Dog /pointer_4dad.jpg 16 Chordates range from simple looking to us Tunicates are seasquirts Look more like plants, even have cellulose During larval stage, have all the characteristics of a chordate. Lancelets are small fish-like animals 3rd group is Vertebrates A variety of fishes including sharks Amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals 17 Life moves to land Just like plants have adaptations allowing life on land, so do animals Reptiles, birds, mammals have various characteristics for life on land Skin or scales that prevent drying Internal fertilization for reproduction Excretions that conserve water We are mammals Females have mammary glands to feed young We have hair; we have two sets of teeth. 18 3 kinds of mammals Marsupials Newborns are undeveloped fetuses They complete growth in mother’s pouch Placental mammals Development takes place entirely in uterus of the mother Placenta is structure within the uterus that serves in nutrient and waste exchange Monotremes Duckbilled platypus; weird looking, lays eggs. 19 http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/images/c01446.jpg http://www.nature.com/news/2003/031110/images/breastfeeding_180.jpg http://microscope.mbl.edu/baypaul/microscope/talks/biogeography/platypus.gif