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Transcript
Identifying Risk Areas for Landslides Florence Carre (JRC, Subgroup leader), D. Seebach, N. Filippi, M. Pizziolo, G. Bertolini, A. Poschinger, J. FortunyGuasch, M. Gemmer Soil Information Working Group (SIWG) ESBN Plenary, London, 2005 LANDSLIDE Movement of a mass of rock, debris, earth down a slope (Cruden & Varnes, 1996) LANDSLIDE CLASSIFICATION TYPE OF MATERIAL TYPES OF MOVEMENT Soils Bedrock Coarse Grained Soil Fine Grained Soil Falls Rock fall Debris fall Earth fall Topples Rock topple Debris topple Earth topple Rock slide Debris slide Earth slide Lateral spreads Rock spread Debris spread Earth spread Flows Rock flow Debris flow Earth flow Slides Rotational Translational Complex: Combination of two or more types of movement (Cruden & Varnes, 1996) Soil Information Working Group (SIWG) ESBN Plenary, London, 2005 MAIN CAUSES Snow melt and heavy rainfall events water saturation DRIVING FACTORS RELATED TO VULNERABILITY OF SOIL • Geology/bedrock material • Slope • Land cover • Soil permeability TRIGGERING MECHANISMS • Rapid snowmelt • Intense rainfall • Water level change • Human activities • Changes in landuse/land cover • Earthquakes / volcanic eruption Soil Information Working Group (SIWG) ESBN Plenary, London, 2005 MAIN SOIL VARIABLES AFFECTED BY LANDSLIDES Affected soil physical properties: - structure; - bulk density; - water permeability; Loss of soil functions and increase of soil vulnerability to other threats - erosion - soil organic matter decline - compaction (but also as a driving factor) Soil Information Working Group (SIWG) ESBN Plenary, London, 2005 Tier I Source: EPSON (European Spatial Planning Observation Network) project http://www.gtk.fi/projects/ espon/Landslides.htm Soil Information Working Group (SIWG) ESBN Plenary, London, 2005 Tier II approach Usually 3 scale maps (Van Westen, 1993) • Synoptic or territorial scale maps (> 1:50,000): inventories maps used by planning agencies to direct allocation of funds, develop emergency preparedness plans and similar tasks • Medium scale maps (> 1:20,000 to 1: 1:50,000): used for preliminary or regional landslide hazard assessments and feasibility studies followed by more detailed work • Detailed scale maps (> 1:5,000 to 1: 1:500): Prepared as part of a landslide hazard assessment of a specific site and should be accurate enough to guide layout of individual structures or specific operations or to plan mitigation Soil Information Working Group (SIWG) ESBN Plenary, London, 2005 Common criteria (1) Common criteria to delineate landslide risks - Spatial probability of occurrence of landslides (like density of landslide/km²) - For tier I approach, landslides have to be defined in a common way by all the MS in order to compare the density - For tier II approach, the 3 scale maps can be produced according to the purpose Soil Information Working Group (SIWG) ESBN Plenary, London, 2005 Common criteria (2) Common criteria Data source/type of information Data Quality /Resolution Tier 1 Tier 2 occurrence/density of existing landslides statistics NUTS III larger-scale regional/local assessments bedrock nature of material + presence of fissures and pores Sensitive bedrocks can be Gault Clay and Flish Map of Geology 1:1,000,000 higher resolution maps soil properties texture, structure, permeability not required for in Tier 1 classification/grouping according to? slope classes: 0-10°; 10°-30°; >30° 250m same or higher land cover/land use infrastructure; cultivation density/pressure, mining Non relevant for Tier 1 100m climate likelihood of heavy rainfall events daily events (e.g. < 10, 10-70, >70 mm/day) same or higher threshold? threshold? seismic risk Soil Information Working Group (SIWG) ESBN Plenary, London, 2005 Conclusions Intensify collaboration with EuroGeoSurveys (EGS) Elaborate on qualitative approach, since no operational approach has been presented Today’s problems • Improvements in harmonisation are necessary because: - inventories do not follow any commonly agreed standards or methodologies until now - authorities in charge of inventories are either local, regional or national and can be civil engineers, soil scientists or geologists • Only landslides related to civil damages are listed, others can exist and not be listed (above all in unpopulated areas) Soil Information Working Group (SIWG) ESBN Plenary, London, 2005