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Presented by:
Elda Cedeño - Part 1
Luis Barrios - Part 2
Gianina Paredes - Part 3
Roman Osipovich Jakobson
(1896-1982) was a Russian
thinker who became one of
the most influential
linguists of the 20th
century by pioneering the
development of structural
analysis of language,
poetry, and art.
Verbal Communication Part 1
Factors of Verbal Communication:
CONTEXT
ADDRESSER -------> MESSAGE -------> ADDRESSEE
CONTACT
CODE
Verbal Communication Part 1
Fundamental functions of verbal communication:
REFERENTIAL
EMOTIVE -------> POETIC -------> CONATIVE
PHATIC
METALINGUAL
The referential function
* The context is extremely important
* Communication is very efficient
Example:
On a bus a ticket collector says "Your ticket,
please", it would sound rather redundant to
explain what ticket he is referring to: the context
makes it clear.
The emotional function
* The addresser-based function is called
emotional or expressive.
* Supplies information about the person
who is sending the message
Examples:
Interjections:
Ouch!, Hello!, Hurray!, Oh no!, Ha!
The conative function
* Refers to the addressee
* The term "conative" originates from
the Latin verb conari, "to tempt", and
it means "persuasive".
Examples:
In the vocative, this happens because the addressee
is invoked ("Listen, oh Lord!"), in the imperative
because he is given an order ("Get out of my way!").
Verbal Communication Part 2
Two main aspects of sentence building from a mental
point of view:
Experiments carried out on subjects suffering from
aphasia showed that the two cerebral hemispheres,
the right one and the left one, govern two different
functions. The left hemisphere presides over the
paradigmatic selection of words, while the right
hemisphere presides over their syntagmatic
combination
“All linguistic acts are based on combination
and selection capabilities.”
Addresser that wants to express a
concept
* Selective Process (John)
* Carries out combinational process
(grammar rules)
* Selective Process (reviews verbs and
properly conjugates them “Loves” )
* Carries out a second combinational and
selective process (Mary)
“ John Loves Mary”
Verbal Communication Part 2
Combination :syntagmatic, horizontal and
metonymic axis
A word is in relation to the next one by
contiguity.
Example:
Andrew runs the coffee company
Verbal Communication Part 2
As for the selection paradigmatic,
vertical and metaphorical axis
a word is in relation to the others
by similarity.
Metonymy
A metonymy is a figure of speech built on the
contiguity relation between literal and
figurative term.
For instance, "He earns his living by the
sweat of his brow" substitutes "He earns his
living by the work that causes his brow to
sweat". As we can see, it is a syntagmatic
relation (subtraction).
Metaphor
A metaphor is a simile that does not
express the terms of comparison.
"Golden hair" is a metaphor that
originates from the implicit
comparison between the color of the
hair and the color of gold, a
paradigmatic operation.
Verbal Communication Part 3
3 Elements of the communication
system
* Message - Poetic Function
* Contact - Phatic Function
*Code - metalingusitic function
Factors of verbal communication :
CONTEXT
ADDRESSER ---MESSAGE ----ADDRESSEE
CONTACT
CODE
Fundamental functions of the
verbal communication
REFERENTIAL
EMOTIVE ---POETIC ---CONATIVE
PHATIC
METALINGUAL
Poetic Function
*The poetic function projects the principle of
equivalence from the axis of selection into the axis of
combination
*Poetic discourse is based on collocation, meter,
paronomasia, displacement, and actual or feigned
parallelism.
Example:
Chi mai grida in Crimea
dai crinali violacei?
Quale ardente chimera
incrimina la pace?
The Phatic function
* The main function is to mantain contact
with the addresse.
* In fact, the term "phatic" originates
from the Greek term phatikós, which
means "statement”
Examples:
* Hello or Can you hear me ?
*"It's a nice day, isn't it?”
Phatic Function
Before learning to speak , infants learn the phatic
function: when they understand that, by pronouncing
a syllable or a vowel, there's someone who responds
to them, who tries to get in touch with them, by
replying, by making interpretations in a loud voice, by
exchanging glances (eye contact), they are induced to
make certain sounds in order to establish a contact
(preverbal communication).
The metalinguistic function
When language is used to talk about
language itself (code), the communication is
metalinguistic. The ddressee gives or ask for
information about the code.
A good example would be: "What are you
saying? Are you speaking in English or
what?".
The same occurs when language is used to explain
the meaning of a word. This is called autonymy, i.e.
a word that refers not to its signified but to itself, to
the signifier