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Unit 5 Discussion and Review Byzantine Empire to 1000 How did the development of the Byzantine Empire differ from the development of western Europe? • The Byzantine Empire – was the direct descendant of Roman imperial rule and Greek tradition. – centralized control whereas western European institutions were decentralized. – Prosperous economy (center of trade in Europe) • The Byzantine emperors – exercised caesaropapism, which combined supreme secular and religious power in one person Foreign threats – Byzantium was directly threatened by foreign invaders, especially the Iranian Sasanid Empire (4th to 7th century) and ultimately by Muslim expansion. • The Byzantine Empire shrank steadily until Constantinople itself was captured by the Ottomans in 1453. Sum it up: Justinian’s Achievements • Recapture Roman Lands • Architecture • Hagia Sophia • Bridges • Civil Law Code: influenced civil law in the west Procopius: Secret History: Justinian More Hagia Sophia Review the Reasons for Decline Moscow Rises In Power 1. Influenced by the Byzantines • Christianity 2. The Russian Orthodox moves to Moscow eventually the seat of power is moved there. -new capital established Ivan the Great: First Tsar • Ivan III, refused to pay Mongol tribute • Won many battles and recovered lost territory • claimed the leadership of the Eastern Orthodox Empire • Took the title czar (tsar) the Russian word for Caesar • Autocratic Ivan IV aka Ivan the Terrible! • Grandson of Ivan the Great • Ruled from 1547-1584 Why Terrible? • he resorted to torture, exile, and execution to punish those who plotted against him • Significantly expanded Russia’s territory and Russia prospered! His Family…. Tragic, read on… • In 1582 his daughter-in-law Elena appeared immodestly dressed and Ivan censured her. • His son Ivan Ivanovich rose to defend his wife, whereupon the tsar killed his son, his only possible respectable heir. • This left as heir Ivan’s feebleminded son Fyodor (reigned 1584-1598), the last Ryurikid ruler in a line that extended back seven centuries. • Another son, Dmitry, was considered illegitimate because his mother was Ivan's seventh wife (the church only permitted three marriages, and recognized none of Ivan’s later wives). • Dmitry either killed himself playing with a knife or was murdered in 1591 St. Basil’s Cathedral •Legend has it that Ivan the Terrible, who was Tsar of Russia at the time, blinded the architect when it was finished, to prevent him from building anything as spectacular for any other king. China- Sui Dynasty Sui Dynasty (581 -618) • Reunified China and established a central government – Based and Confucianism and Buddhism • Reason for decline – Ambitious construction, Grand canal , irrigation, and military projects Tang Dynasty 618 – 907 • After a period of civil war and decline in China, the Tang reestablished a unified government. • Tang emperors expanded their influence into Central and Southeast Asia, demanding tribute from such places as Korea and Vietnam. peasants. • Tang emperors also established a law code, and renovated the canal system to encourage trade and communication inside of China. Inventions • They began using block printing in the 8th Century. Block printing is a system of printing where characters are carved onto a wooden block. The block is then inked and pressed onto a sheet of paper. • Other inventions include mechanical clocks that kept very accurate time. Early clock maker Su-Sung made a state of the art water clock stood over 30 feet high. No. 120: Su-Sung's Clock • Tang scientists invented gunpowder in the 9th Century by combining saltpeter, sulfur, and charcoal. First used in fireworks! No. 894: Inventing Printing Medical Achievement! Tang physicians developed a small pox vaccine in the 10th century. However, the widespread use of this vaccine did not occur in China until the 16th century. This idea eventually spread west, and was introduced in Europe in the 1600’s. • Wu Zhao First Chinese Empress Woman of Destiny or Woman of Darkness? You Decide! Group Reading Chinese Noblewoman, 8th century-Tang Dynasty Chinese Society Under the Tang and Song dynasties, China was a well-ordered society. GENTRY • Most scholar-officials were gentry, from the wealthy landowning class. • Believed the government and society should governed by Confucius ideals • PEASANTS and MERCHANTS: •Most Chinese were peasants who worked the land. •Peasants could move up in society through education and government service. MERCHANTS •According to Confucian tradition, merchants were an even lower class than peasants because their riches came from the labor of others. Song Dynasty 960-1279 • China experienced a short period of general chaos, with no strong, central government • Song Dynasty comes to power in 960. • Song leaders supported a revival of Confucian thought. WHY? • The ideal Confucian official was a wise, virtuous scholar. • The Chinese Empire under the Song was smaller than the Empire of the Tang Rice Cultivation • Under the Song, China began extensive rice cultivation. New hardy strains were developed. • China was able to plant two rice crops a year, giving them an abundance of food. • The Song also maintained extensive trade with the India, Persia, and the Middle East. • Wealthy Society: the result of this was the ability to pursue other interests, such as art and literature. The Arts • Song artisans were known for their fine porcelain, and the use of calligraphy, a form of fine handwriting. • Architects designed the pagoda, which is a multistoried building with the corners of the roof curved up that were used as temples. • Inventions • Under the Song, the Chinese invented movable type printing machines. • This idea spread to Korea and Japan, and may have also been spread to Europe by Mongol armies. • The use of movable type allowed for faster printing, and the widespread diffusion of ideas. • Other inventions include the spinning wheel, which is a machine used to make thread. • Antique Chinese Silk Spinning Wheel Footbinding -Song Footbinding-Where did it come from? • Chinese folklore attributes the origins of footbinding to a fox who tried to conceal its paws while assuming the human guise of the Shang Empress. • Another version suggests that the Empress had a club foot and insisted that all women bind their feet so that hers became the model for beauty in the court. Started in the Song Dynasty. • Some men, such as actors or male prostitutes, also bound their feet. The Practice of Footbinding Footbinding began in China during the Song dynasty (10th century) and continued until the end of the Qing dynasty. The practice was formally prohibited in China in 1911 but continued in isolated regions well into the 1930s. In 1998, the last factory to manufacture shoes for women with bound feet (in Harbin, China) ended production. Mongol Empire Temuchin's Rise Born ca. 1162, d. 1227 After long period of tribal conflict and intrigue, succeeded in unprecedented feat of unifying all Mongols. Declared Khan of Khans and given name Genghis Khan, 1206. Mongol Empire • (1206–1405) was the largest land empire in world history • Stretched from Korea to Hungary and Baghdad Genghis Khan’s Value Statement “The greatest joy a man can know is to conquer his enemies and drive them before him. To ride their horses and take away their possessions. To see the faces of those who were dear to them bedewed with tears, and to clasp their wives and daughters in his arms.” Describe both Mongol horse breeding and the climate of Mongolia. • Mongol horses • could survive the cold and dry climate in Mongolia. • Mongols purposely did not feed or shelter their horses, leaving them to forage for their own food. • Natural selection – thus ensured that only those able to adapt to the environment would survive. Mongol Battle Tactics • • • • • • Constant practice in riding, archery. Traveled very light. Extraordinary endurance. Extraordinary military discipline. Extremely ruthless in battle. combined technological advances in their bows with outstanding horseback ability and flexibility of military tactics. Mongol Battle Tactics Remarkable ability to coordinate armies separated by great distances. Incorporated non-Mongol soldiers with Mongol leaders Mobility unheard of by armies of the time--up to 100 miles/day. Mongol combination of mobility and communication probably not equaled again until W.W. II. Mongol Rule •Once a conquest was complete, the Mongols were not oppressive rulers. •Cities generally left under native governors. •Conquered peoples to live much as they had — as long as they paid tribute to the Mongols. Maximizing revenues was the central goal of Mongol leaders Utilized tax farming Pax Mongolica, or Mongol Peace • Peaceful periods allowed for the movement of people, knowledge, and skills across Eurasia • Technology such as gunpowder, diplomatic passports and movable type spread to Europe Mongol Invasions Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws: – If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity. – If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children. – If you do not have children, we will take your wife. – If you do not have a wife, we will take your head. Used cruelty as a weapon --> some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction! Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E. Kublai Khan [r. 1260-1294] – Pax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”] • Tolerated Chinese culture but lived apart from them. • No Chinese in top govt. posts. • Believed foreigner were more trustworthy. • Encouraged foreign trade & foreign merchants to live and work in China. Marco Polo “I did not tell half of what I saw.” Marco Polo The Travels of Marco Polo is considered one of the most famous travel guides in history. Polo’s famous account of his seventeen years of service to Kublai Khan provided Europe with the first substantial record of China. Ming Dynasty, 1368-1644 C.E. Golden Age of Chinese Art – Moderation – Softness – Gracefulness Hundreds of thousands of workers constructed the Forbidden City. Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho) Ming “Treasure Fleet” Each ship 400’ long & 160’ wide China’s “Columbus?” 1371-1435 Admiral Zheng He’s Voyages First Voyage: 1405-1407 [62 ships; 27,800 men]. Second Voyage: 1407-1409 [Ho didn’t go on this trip]. Third Voyage: 1409-1411 [48 ships; 30,000 men]. Fourth Voyage: 1413-1415 [63 ships; 28,500 men]. Fifth Voyage: 1417-1419 Sixth Voyage: 1421-1422 Emperor Zhu Gaozhi cancelled future trips and ordered ship builders and sailors to stop work. Seventh Voyage: 1431-1433 Emperor Zhu Zhanji resumed the voyages in 1430 to restore peaceful relations with Malacca & Siam 100 ships and 27,500 men; Cheng Ho died on the return trip. Shape of the World Video Clip… Why did Ming emperors turn their back on overseas exploration? 1. Confucian scholars had little interest in overseas ventures. To them, Chinese civilization was superior to all others. 2. The Chinese wanted to preserve ancient traditions, which they saw as the source of stability. 3. Fleets of seagoing ships were costly and did not produce any profits. Korea and Japan During the Middle Ages 500-1600 • Korea’s location on China’s doorstep has played a key role in its history and development. Chinese Influence Korean government adapted Chinese ways -the Chinese civil service examination Koreans absorbed many Chinese traditions, but Korea was able to preserve its maintain a separate and distinct culture. Choson (or Yi) Dynasty 1392-1910 • In 1392, the Koreans overthrew their Mongol conquerors and set up the Choson dynasty • The period began in 1392 and ended in 1910. • Japan will control Korea from 1911 to 1945. Painting on Silk - 18th century Yi Dynasty (1392 -1910) • The Yi kingdom – Founder Yi Song-Gye – Established the longest dynasty in Korea – The Mongols shared information and facilitated the spread of technologies and knowledge to Korea. • Education – Moving from block printing to movable type, brought about a very high rate of literacy • Hangul • military technology – Patrol ships with mounted cannons, gun powder arrowlaunchers, and armored ships – made possible a formidable navy Class System • Aristocrats (ruling class) • Yang-ban (Upper class) • Jung-in (Middle class) – Merchants, artisans, doctors • Chun-min (Lower class) – Peasants, farmers, slaves, • Baek-jung (untouchables) – butchers, executioners Easy to Learn Language Illiteracy is virtually nonexistent in Korea. This is another fact that attests to the easy learn ability of Han-gul. Han-gul Language As the above examples clearly show, Hangul. with only 14 consonants and 10 vowels, is capable of expressing virtually any sound. Geography of Japan 1. Japan is located on an archipelago, or chain of islands, about 100 miles off the Asian mainland. 2. Four-fifths of Japan is mountainous 3. Most people settled in narrow river valleys and along coastal plains. 4. The surrounding seas have both protected and isolated Japan. 5. Japan was close enough to the mainland to learn from Korea and China, but too far away for the Chinese to conquer. 6. The seas also served as trade routes for Japan Shinto: Japan’s Native Religion • • • • Shinto means: “The way of the gods.” No complex rituals or philosophy. Believers in Shinto find beauty in “kami”: the forces of nature Nickname: “Land of the Rising Sun” comes from the ancient beliefs in their sun goddess Amaterasu. Shinto Explained There are "Four Affirmations“ in Shinto: Tradition and the family: The family is seen as the main mechanism by which traditions are preserved. Their main celebrations relate to birth and marriage. Love of nature: Nature is sacred; to be in contact with nature is to be close to the Gods. Natural objects are worshipped as sacred spirits. Physical cleanliness: Followers of Shinto take baths, wash their hands, and rinse out their mouth often. "Matsuri“: The worship and honor given to the Kami and ancestral spirits. Yamato Clan 500-1000 AD • • • • Recorded Japanese history begins in approximately A.D. 500 when the Yamato clan takes over much of Honshu Island Roots are traced back to the legendary sun goddess First and only dynasty but each emperor has claimed his roots through this clan even to today Through the 700s Japan was greatly influenced by China Emperor Akihito and wif Order and Unity Restored Under the Tokugawas,1603-1868 • • The Tokugawa shogunate was the longest period of uninterrupted peace Japan ever enjoyed. Impose central control throughout Japan • Forbid travel; blocked foreigners Kabuki Theater Created by Okuni, a woman but actors are now all men, why? Tokugawa disapproved of women having an elevated status and forbid it! Kabuki theater is famous for its brightly colored sets, exaggerated acting, and lively and emotional music and dance. Developed during the 1600’s Kabuki is the most popular form of traditional Japanese theater. Kabuki Theater Tour Kabuki Theater http://www.fix.co.jp/kabuki/kabuki.html Chinese Civilization Influenced Early Japan The Japanese kept some Chinese ways but discarded or modified others. This process is known as selective borrowing. Areas of influence: Chinese ideas about government Chinese fashion Chinese foods Confucian ideas and ethics Chinese architecture Rejected Civil service system By Birth is more important than abilitites AD 800 enthusiasm for everything Chinese died down. Japanese Social Structure In theory, the emperor stood at the head of Japanese feudal society. In fact, he was powerless. Real power lay in the hands of the shogun, or supreme military commander. The shogun distributed land to vassal lords who agreed to protect them. These great warrior lords were called daimyo. They, in turn, granted land to lesser warriors called samurai. The Warriors World •Belonging to a Japanese samurai class was a hereditary membership •About five in every 100 belonged to this class •Privileges: Carry two swords and wear a special headdress •Highly trained and received special privileges in Japanese society 19th century Samurai Japanese Warrior Armor “The way of the warrior” •A code of unquestioning obedience •Honor more important than wealth or life •Absolute loyalty to one’s lord •A true samurai would have no fear of death because –“If you think of saving your life, you had better not go to war at all” Practiced “seppuku” a ritual suicide Zen Buddhism •Widely popular among the Samurai class and it spreads because of their support •It emphasizes physical and mental health •Transition easy for the Shinto believers •Believed in the unity of nature •Buddhist monasteries were centers of learning and the arts -landscape gardening -flower arranging Introduced into Japan by Eisai •Meditation and prayer are important to spiritual growth Zen Buddhism Samurai Sisters Reading: “Samurai Sisters: Feudal Japan” •Samurai women were expected to exhibit: loyalty, bravery and take on the duty of revenge •Women were to responsible for the harvest, household supplies, servants and educating the children •Occasionally, women would join in the battles with the men •“Seppuku” was required for women also Video Clip from Shogun Women will eventually be bound by the “Three Obediences…” Peasant Women Reading: “Peasant Women” Select four facts. Discuss. • 90% of all women in this class • Worked alongside the men • Could inherit property as long as they did not remarry • Divorce was uncommon but available • Farmers only took one wife • Wore their hair short • Eventually the samurai ideal influenced this class and their freedoms changed…