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Qin [Ch’in] Dynasty, 221206 B.C.E. Established China’s first empire Shi Huangdi (221-206 B.C.E) Legalist rule Bureaucratic administration Centralized control Military expansion Book burnings targeted Confucianists Buried protestors alive! Built large section of the Great Wall Shi Huangdi’s Terra Cotta Army The Great Wall with Towers The Eastern terminus of the Great Wall, Shanhai Pass Han Dynasty, 206 B.C.E.-220 C.E. “People of the Han” original Chinese Paper invented [105 B.C.E.] Silk Road trade develops; improves life for many Buddhism introduced into China Expanded into Central Asia Chang’an The Han Capital Emperor Wudi, 141-87 B.C.E. Started public schools. Colonized Manchuria, Korea, & Vietnam. Civil service system bureaucrats Confucian scholar-gentry Revival of Chinese landscape painting. Trade Routes of the Ancient World Sui Dynasty, 581-618 C.E. “Land Equalization” System land redistribution. Unified coinage. Grand Canal constructed. Established an army of professional soldiers. People were overworked and overtaxed! The Grand Canal The Grand Canal Today Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E. Imperial examination system perfected. Liberal attitude towards all religions. Spread of Buddhism in China Golden Age of foreign relations with other countries. Japan, Korea, Persia Tang Government Organization Tang Dynasty, 618-907 C.E. New technologies: Printing moveable print Porcelain Gunpowder Mechanical clocks More cosmopolitan culture. Reestablished the safety of the Silk Road. Tea comes into China from Southeast Asia. Empress Wu Zetian, 624-705 The only female Empress in China’s history who ruled alone. Searched for outstanding individuals to attract to her court. Construction of new irrigation systems. Buddhism was the favored state religion. Financed the building of many Buddhist temples. BUT… She appointed cruel and sadistic ministers to seek out her enemies. Foot-Binding in Tang China Broken toes by 3 years of age. Size 5 ½ shoe on the right Foot-Binding in Tang China Mothers bound their daughters’ feet. Foot-Binding in Tang China For upper-class girls, it became a new custom. The Results of FootBinding Song [Sung] Dynasty, 960-1279 C.E. Creation of an urban, merchant, middle class. Increased emphasis on education & cheaper availability of printed books. Magnetic compass makes China a great sea power! Rice Cultivation Began Under the Song Mongolian Steppes Xinjiang Region – Typical Uygher [Mongol] “Yurt” Mongol Invasions The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”] Temujin --> Genghis Khan [“Universal Ruler”] 1162 - 1227 from the steppe [dry, grass-covered plains of Central Asia] The MONGOLS [“Golden Horde”] Genghis Khan’s Tax Laws: If you do not pay homage, we will take your prosperity. If you do not have prosperity, we will take your children. If you do not have children, we will take your wife. If you do not have a wife, we will take your head. Used cruelty as a weapon some areas never recovered from Mongol destruction! The Extent of the Mongol Empire Yuan (Mongol) Dynasty, 1279-1368 C.E. Kublai Khan [r. 1260-1294] Pax Mongolica [“Mongol Peace”] Tolerated Chinese culture but lived apart from them. No Chinese in top govt. posts. Believed foreigner were more trustworthy. Encouraged foreign trade & foreign merchants to live and work in China. Marco Polo Marco Polo (12541324) A Venetian merchant. Traveled through Yuan China: 1271-1295 “Black Stones” [coal] Gunpowder. Noodles. Marco Polo’s Travels Yuan Dynasty, 12791368 C.E. The Black Plague was spread by the Mongols in the mid-14c. Sent fleets against Japan. 1281 150,000 warriors Defeated by kamikazi [“winds of the gods”] Kublai Khan experienced several humiliating defeats in Southeast Asia late in his life. China’s last native imperial dynasty! The Forbidden City: China’s New Capital Revived the Civil Service Exam Ming Cultural Revolution Printing & Literacy Culture & Art Cheap, popular books: Increased literacy leads to increased woodblock printing. interest in cultural cheap paper. expressions, ideas, Examination system. and things: Leads to explosion in Literature. literacy. Painting. Leads to further Ceramics. popularization of the Opera. commercial market. Ming Silver Market Spanish Silver Convoys Triangle route: Philippines to China to Japan. Silver floods Chinese Market: Causes devaluation of currency & recession Adds to reasons for Chinese immigration overseas. Reduces price of Chinese goods in Europe Increases interest in Chinese culture & ideas in Europe. Helps fund conquest of New World Encourages Europeans in conquest & trade. Ming Emperor Tai Zu (r. 1368-1398) Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho) Ming “Treasure Fleet” Each ship 400’ long & 160’ wide 1371-1435 Admiral Zheng He (Cheng Ho) China’s “Columbus?” 1498 --> Da Gama reached Calcutta, China’s favorite port. Ming Painting and Calligraphy, early 16c Imperial China’s Impact on History Removed religion from morality. Beginnings of political philosophy through which a ruler must prove he/she is legitimate. Mandate of Heaven Secular law. Valued history The Dynastic Cycle