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The Intertestamental Period: From Babylon To The Birth Of Christ Overview Intertestamental Period Week Date Topic 1 05 Mar 14 Overview 2 12 Mar 14 Babylonian Period (605-539 BC) 3 19 Mar 14 Persian Period (539-332 BC) 4 26 Mar 14 Greek Period (332-323 BC) 5 02 Apr 14 Ptolemaic (323-198 BC) 6 09 Apr 14 Syrian (198-168 BC) 7 16 Apr 14 Maccabean Part 1 (168-153 BC) 8 23 Apr 14 Maccabean Part 2 (153-139 BC) 9 30 Apr 14 Independence (139-63 BC) 10 07 May 14 Rome Intervenes (63 – 37 BC) 11 14 May 14 Herod (37 BC – 4 BC) 12 21 May 14 The IT Period and Christianity (4 BC – 70 AD) 13 28 May 14 Review Today’s Objectives • • • • Review the lesson plan Review references Review overall study objectives Learn why understanding the Intertestamental (IT) Period is critical to understanding New Testament (NT) text • Learn about the extent of the Old Testament (OT) Canon • Study highlights Overall Course Objectives • Better understanding of the connection between the Old Testament (OT) and the New Testament (NT) • Learn about the political, social, economic, cultural, and religious issues during the IT period and its’ influence upon Israel, Judaism, and Christianity • Learn about various nations that ruled over Judea • Learn about religious/political parties existing within Judaism Reference Material • KJV (w/ Apocrypha) – 1st and 2nd Maccabbees • • • • • Josephus – The Complete Works Herodotus – The History Intertestamental History – Mark Moore Ancient Rome – Simon Baker Harding University – BNEW 112 Course Notes – Dr. Thompson Content and Extent of the Old Testament Canon • The word “canon” is from a Greek word that means a “rule” or “standard” • Revealed truth • Luke 24:44 – teachings of Christ • Luke 11:50-51 – more teachings of Christ • Law of Moses, Prophets, and Psalms • Even Judas Maccabaeus knew • 1546 Council of Trent Book of Daniel and the Intertestamental Period • God’s providence in history (1:1-6:28) – Nebuchadnezzar’s demise (5:1-31) • God’s purpose in history (7:1-12:13) – Daniels dream of the four bests (Babylon, Persia, Greece, Rome in 7:1-28) – Prophecy of the Intertestamental Period – Details of nations and leaders – Describes the end times of the Jewish people and rise of the Christian age New Testament Connection • The destruction of the temple foretold (Matt 24:1-3) • The sign when things would soon occur (Matt 24:4-28) • The tribulation and events immediately after (Matt 24:29-35) • The need to be prepared and productive (Matt 24:36-51) • Fullfillment of Daniel 12 Daniel 11:31 “His armed forces will rise up to desecrate the temple fortress and will abolish the daily sacrifice. Then they will set up the abomination that causes desolation.” Matthew 24:15 “So when you see standing in the holy place ‘the abomination that causes desolation,’[a] spoken of through the prophet Daniel—let the reader understand—” Matthew 24:34 “Truly I tell you, this generation will certainly not pass away until all these things have happened.” Old Covenant Church Age Symbolic 1000 years Eternity Begin with the end...70 A.D. “Now the number of those that were carried captive during this whole war was collected to be ninety-seven thousand; as was the number of those that perished during the whole siege: one million and one hundred thousand” Josephus, Wars of the Jews, VI 9.3, 75 A.D. Rulers of Judea • • • • • • • • Babylonian Persian Greek Ptolemaic Syrian Maccabean Independence Rome Babylonian • 612 BC – Babylon captures the Assyrian capital of Nineveh • 605 BC – Nebuchadnezzar reigns over the Babylonian empire and begins Jewish deportation to Babylon • 604 BC – Nebuchadnezzar’s dream – Daniel 2 – Inferior kingdom will replace Babylon – A third kingdom will rise, of bronze – A fourth kingdom will rise, of iron • Prophets are Habakkuk, Ezekiel, Daniel • 539 BC - Persia, under Cyrus, captures Babylon Persian • 538-537 BC – Cyrus decrees return of the Jews from captivity (Ezra 1:1-4) • 536 BC – 70 year captivity ends (Ezra 1:5-11), temple construction begins • 516 BC – 2nd temple completed in Jerusalem • Haggai, Zechariah, Ezra, Nehemiah, Malachi, Esther • 480 BC - Greek victories over Persia (Dan 11:2) • 331 BC – Alexander gains complete control of the Persian empire Greek • • • • 331-324 BC – Extension of Greek territory Extends into Asia 323 BC – Alexander dies 316 BC – Ptolemaic and Seleucid dynasties (Dan 11:4) • 300 BC – Greek empire divided between four Generals (Dan 8:5-8, 11:3-4) – – – – Cassander Lysimachus Sleucus Ptolemy Ptolemaic and Seleucid • 280 BC (prophecy in Dan 11) • Seleucids – Babylonia – Asia Minor – Northern Syria • Ptolemaic – Southern Syria – Egypt • 260 BC – Rome controls all of Italy • 250 BC – Greek translation of OT begins Maccabean/Independence • 198 BC – Ptolemies lose control of Palestine to the Seleucids • 175 BC - Antiochus IV Epiphanies seizes the Seleucid throne • Antiochus IV punishes Jerusalem for their rebellion • 167-143 BC - Maccabean revolt • 164 BC – Temple retaken and cleansed • 150 BC – Rome destroys Carthage • 142 BC – Judea gains political independence • 130 BC – Dead Sea Scrolls • 66 BC – Rome occupies Jerusalem Roman • 63-40 BC – High Priest is under Roman Control • 44 BC – Caesar assassinated • 37-4 BC – Herod the Great is king over Judea (Roman control) • 19 BC – Construction of Herod’s temple • 4 BC – Birth of Christ and death of Herod • 6 AD – Judea becomes a Roman province • 28 AD – Pontius Pilate appointed procurator of Judea • 30 AD – Christ is crucified, birth of the church • 66-73 AD – Jewish revolt against Rome, destruction of Jerusalem, end of Judaism The IT period and Christianity • Roots of many Judean political and religious movements impacting Christian thought • Many of Jesus’ teachings can find origin in the IT period • Intricately linked to Jewish religion and society of the IT period • Impact of Hellenism on first century Christians • Earliest interpretations of OT literature began in the IT period • Answers questions not readily available in OT literature Today’s Objectives • • • • Reviewed the lesson plan Reviewed references Reviewed overall study objectives Learned why understanding the Intertestamental (IT) Period is critical to understanding New Testament (NT) text • Learned about the extent of the Old Testament (OT) Canon • Provided study highlights • Next week – Babylonian Empire