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“We Didn’t Start the Fire”—Billy Joel End of World War II The seeds of the Cold War were sown during the Second World War. Disagreement of wartime policy foreshadowed postwar conflict between the great powers. Suspicions of both sides mounted. Between the Yalta and Potsdam conferences, fears about the European balance of power were heightened. These disagreements between nations would lead to such things as the allies having separate occupation zones in postwar Germany. The balance of power shifts at the end of the war bipolar Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” Speech British Prime Minister Winston Churchill asserted that an “Iron Curtain” had fallen across Europe. Churchill was distrustful of the U.S.S.R’s intentions. This speech convinced many American’s that Truman’s “get tough” approach towards the SU was the right one Stalin’s reaction was negative Cartoon As a class, analyze the cartoon Map Activity As an introduction to the Cold War and the “Iron Curtain,” complete the mapping assignment. The Truman Doctrine 12 March 1947, United States President Harry S. Truman delivered his declaration of the Cold War. He called upon his nation to resist communism throughout the world. Truman’s speech was designed to garner support for an American pledge of hundreds of millions of dollars to prevent the spread of communism in Europe. The idea was to contain communism and thus originated the idea of containment. The policy of fighting communism around the world become known as the Truman Doctrine Use of money and military to stop communism, even if it meant supporting unfavorable regimes. Activity—Except from the Truman Doctine Omit (f) The Polish Question The problem was twofold: who would govern Poland, and where would Poland’s borders lie? Britain and the Soviet Union could not agree upon a legitimate Polish government. Stalin did not want to call free elections for Poland and began to assert more Soviet control in the region. Thus, Poland was placed firmly under the control of the U.S.S.R. The western allies did not want to confront Stalin on this issue. Partition of Germany and Denazification Nuremburg Trials—Fall 1945 Trials for Nazi officials War crimes Nazi, and ordinary Germans were treated differently, depending on which side of Germany they ended up on. Case study, page 164-165 Policy of Containment United States should contain the spread of communism Eventually the Soviet system would crumble Containment would be achieved through defensive strategies, not military confrontation. U.S.S.R. would not like this policy as it impacts its own sphere of influence The Marshal Plan Soviet expansion into Europe was alarming for the United States. The U.S.A. realized that an economically devastated Western Europe would have a difficult time defending themselves from potential Soviet aggression. The Marshall plan provided funds for the reconstruction of the European nations outside the Soviet sphere of influence. The Soviets and those states in its sphere of influence had also been offered the aid. The program extended $13.2 billion in aid from 1948-1952. Standard of living began to increase in Western Europe, not so in the east COMECON/COMINFORM/Molotov Plan All had similar roles to Marshall Plan Responsible for the spread and consolidation of Communist power in Europe (Eastern) in the hands of the Soviet union. Support and guidance for communist states in Europe. The Czechoslovakian Crisis When elections were held in May 1946, the Czech Communist won 38 per cent of the vote. Eventually the communist obtained control when the former Czech leader “committed suicide.” Berlin Blockade All of Germany and Berlin were split into four occupation zones. Berlin itself was located in the Soviet zone. Corridors were made between Berlin and the western occupation zones. As the United States began to guide the “West” towards a democratic, anti-communist government, the Soviet Union become worried and closed the corridors between the east and west occupation zones. In an ambitious and expensive project, the Allies chose to fly supplies into West Berlin. The Berlin crisis introduced the world to brinkmanship— a tactic of meeting threat with threat until the world teetered on the brink of war. The blockade remained and the Berlin Airlift continued. After about 300 days, the blockade by the Soviets ended. NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Military alliance. On 4 April 1949, Belgium, France, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Great Britain, Canada, and the United States signed the North Atlantic Treaty. The agreement stipulated that an act of aggression against any one of the signatories would be interpreted as an attack against all. Warsaw Pact A Soviet military alliance formed during the Cold War that included the USSR and its alliances in Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was formed in 1956, after West German joined NATO. NORAD North American Air Defence Agreement A military alliance between the U.S. and Canada formed during the Cold War that puts the American and Canadian air forces under a single command during times of emergency Tito in Yugoslavia The leader of Yugoslavia was Josef Broz, more commonly known as Tito. During the Second World War, Tito had led a group of communist supporters to liberate Yugoslavia from Nazi control. Problems arose between Yugoslavia and the USSR over issues of political and economic control. Even though Yugoslavia had achieved communist rule without help, Stalin would not treat Tito as an equal. Korean War Review from UN section Proxy war The United States and the Soviet Union did not directly fight each other. A Cold War, because the did no directly fight each other—but, there were many disputes between the two sides during the time period. McCarthyism A campaign led by US senator Joseph McCarthy and the House Un-American Activities Committee to search for communist infiltrators in American society. Khrushchev Era De-Stalinization Berlin Wall A barricade between East and West Berlin built by the East German government in 1961 under orders from the USSR. The wall prevented East Germans from escaping to the West. East Germany eventually erected a barricade along its entire border with West Germany. The Soviet Bloc (1962-1975) During the Khrushchev era, the Soviet Union concentrated on military control of the Eastern Bloc while allowing some economic control and cultural diversity. As long as satellite countries remained loyal to the Warsaw Pact and committed to communism, some domestic autonomy was allowed. Several challenges for control come to the Soviet Union from these nations. Typically the Soviet Union ignored these challenges. The Cuban Missile Crisis The USA controlled Cuba until 1959 when a popular left-wing leader, Fidel Castro, nationalized American owned sugar industries and confiscated American casinos and resorts. The United States responded with a trade embargo against Cuba. Under its new president, John F. Kennedy, the U.S. also attempted to overthrow Castro’s government. On 17 April 1961, a U.S.-backed force tried to land secretly in Cuba, at the Bay of Pigs. Within three day, the Cuban army had invaded most of the invaders. Cuba became a Soviet ally. The USSR decided to secretly ship nuclear missiles to Cuba. A Soviet missile base in Cuba—practically on the U.S. border—would give the USSR a new strategic advantage on the Cold War. In October 1962, an American surveillance plane photographed the missile sites under construction. The U.S. demanded the removal of the sites. The USSR denied any knowledge of these sites. The USA then quarantined Cuba; it circled the island with warships. Both sides went on a world-wide alert. United States went to Def Con 2, meaning it was not a matter if but when the president ordered a nuclear exchange. On 28 October 1962, the superpowers reached a deal. The USSR agreed to remove missiles from Cuba. The U.S. agreed to remove missiles from Turkey. Prague Spring Events in Czechoslovakia could not be ignored by the Soviet Union. In early 1968 a new leader took control of Czechoslovakia. Censorship of the press, radio, and television was abolished. Even more alarming to the USSR was the tolerance of non-communist organization with the potential of developing into political organization. If the “Prague Spring” was allowed to continue with its reforms, the security of the USSR could be at risked. Thus, the Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia on 20 August 1968. A new leader was installed. Moscow announced the Brezhnev Doctrine, which proclaimed the right of the Soviet Union to determine when intervention might be necessary in order to preserve socialism and protect against counterrevolution in the Eastern Bloc. Nuclear Arms Race Arms Race following the atomic bombs of W.W.II Proliferation of nuclear weapons (other nations) MAD (mutually assured destruction) (nuclear) weapons used as a deterrent. Nuclear testing though . . . Other Arms and Weapons Chemical/Biological - Sergei Popov Delivery Systems: SLBM Submarine-launched ballistic missiles ICBM Inter-Continental ballistic missile MIRV Multiple Independently Targetable Reentry Vehicle SDI “Star Wars” Detente A period of relaxed tension between the superpowers during the Cold war in the early 1970s. What factors led to this period of Détente? Arms Control-Bilateral 1963 Hotline Agreement Direct communication between Moscow and Washington 1972 SALT I Limit number of ICBMs and SLBMs allowed on each side 1979 SALT II (not ratified) Restricts number of strategic delivery vehicles permitted by both sides 1991 START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) Reduces nuclear arsenals by approximately 30% 1992 START I Protocol Commits Russia and the former Soviet Bloc to the provisions of START I 1993 START II Reduce strategic nuclear arsenals to 3000 (Russia) and 3500 (USA) Arms Control—Multilateral 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty Prohibits testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere, underwater, and in outerspace 1968 (1995) Nuclear NonProliferation Treaty Prohibits transfer of nuclear weapons and technology to nonnuclear states 1993 Chemical Weapons Convention Requires all stockpiles and production facilities to be destroyed This is only a very small sample of such treaties. 99 Red Balloons Vietnam War Russians in Afghanistan 1979 - Power struggle between leftist leaders Hafizullah Amin and Nur Mohammed Taraki in Kabul won by Amin. Revolts in countryside continue and Afghan army faces collapse. Soviet Union finally sends in troops to help remove Amin, who is executed. Soviet intervention 1980 - Babrak Karmal, leader of the People's Democratic Party Parcham faction, is installed as ruler, backed by Soviet troops. But anti-regime resistance intensifies with various mujahideen groups fighting Soviet forces. US, Pakistan, China, Iran and Saudi Arabia supply money and arms. 1985 - Mujahideen come together in Pakistan to form alliance against Soviet forces. Half of Afghan population now estimated to be displaced by war, with many fleeing to neighbouring Iran or Pakistan. New Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev says he will withdraw troops from Afghanistan. 1986 - US begins supplying mujahideen with Stinger missiles, enabling them to shoot down Soviet helicopter gunships. Babrak Karmal replaced by Najibullah as head of Soviet-backed regime. 1988 - Afghanistan, USSR, the US and Pakistan sign peace accords and Soviet Union begins pulling out troops. 1989 - Last Soviet troops leave, but civil war continues as mujahideen push to overthrow Najibullah. 1991 - US and USSR agree to end military aid to both sides. Proverbs 8:15-16 GOD CONTROLS THE RISE AND FALL OF RULERS Cold War Map Assignment