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“We Didn’t Start the Fire”—Billy Joel
End of World War II
 The seeds of the Cold War were sown during
the Second World War.
 Disagreement of wartime policy foreshadowed
postwar conflict between the great powers.
 Suspicions of both sides mounted.
 Between the Yalta and Potsdam conferences,
fears about the European balance of power
were heightened.
 These disagreements between nations would
lead to such things as the allies having separate
occupation zones in postwar Germany.
 The balance of power shifts at the end of the war
bipolar
Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” Speech
 British Prime Minister Winston Churchill asserted
that an “Iron Curtain” had fallen across Europe.
 Churchill was distrustful of the U.S.S.R’s
intentions.
 This speech convinced many American’s that
Truman’s “get tough” approach towards the SU
was the right one
 Stalin’s reaction was negative
Cartoon
 As a class, analyze
the cartoon
Map Activity
As an introduction to the Cold War and the
“Iron Curtain,” complete the mapping
assignment.
The Truman Doctrine
 12 March 1947, United States President Harry S.
Truman delivered his declaration of the Cold War.
 He called upon his nation to resist communism
throughout the world.
 Truman’s speech was designed to garner support for an
American pledge of hundreds of millions of dollars to
prevent the spread of communism in Europe.
 The idea was to contain communism and thus originated
the idea of containment.
 The policy of fighting communism around the world
become known as the Truman Doctrine
 Use of money and military to stop communism, even if it meant
supporting unfavorable regimes.
Activity—Except from the Truman Doctine
Omit (f)
The Polish Question
 The problem was twofold: who would govern
Poland, and where would Poland’s borders lie?
 Britain and the Soviet Union could not agree
upon a legitimate Polish government.
 Stalin did not want to call free elections for
Poland and began to assert more Soviet control
in the region. Thus, Poland was placed firmly
under the control of the U.S.S.R.
 The western allies did not want to confront Stalin
on this issue.
Partition of Germany and Denazification
Nuremburg Trials—Fall 1945
Trials for Nazi officials
War crimes
Nazi, and ordinary Germans were treated
differently, depending on which side of
Germany they ended up on.
Case study, page 164-165
Policy of Containment
United States should contain the spread of
communism
Eventually the Soviet system would
crumble
Containment would be achieved through
defensive strategies, not military
confrontation.
U.S.S.R. would not like this policy as it
impacts its own sphere of influence
The Marshal Plan
 Soviet expansion into Europe was alarming for the
United States.
 The U.S.A. realized that an economically
devastated Western Europe would have a difficult
time defending themselves from potential Soviet
aggression.
 The Marshall plan provided funds for the
reconstruction of the European nations outside
the Soviet sphere of influence.
 The Soviets and those states in its sphere of
influence had also been offered the aid.
 The program extended $13.2 billion in aid from
1948-1952.
 Standard of living began to increase in Western
Europe, not so in the east
COMECON/COMINFORM/Molotov Plan
All had similar roles to Marshall Plan
Responsible for the spread and
consolidation of Communist power in
Europe (Eastern) in the hands of the
Soviet union.
Support and guidance for communist
states in Europe.
The Czechoslovakian Crisis
When elections were held in May 1946,
the Czech Communist won 38 per cent of
the vote.
Eventually the communist obtained control
when the former Czech leader “committed
suicide.”
Berlin Blockade
 All of Germany and Berlin were split into four occupation
zones. Berlin itself was located in the Soviet zone.
 Corridors were made between Berlin and the western
occupation zones.
 As the United States began to guide the “West” towards
a democratic, anti-communist government, the Soviet
Union become worried and closed the corridors between
the east and west occupation zones.
 In an ambitious and expensive project, the Allies chose
to fly supplies into West Berlin.
 The Berlin crisis introduced the world to brinkmanship—
a tactic of meeting threat with threat until the world
teetered on the brink of war.
 The blockade remained and the Berlin Airlift continued.
 After about 300 days, the blockade by the Soviets
ended.
NATO
 North Atlantic Treaty Organization
 Military alliance.
 On 4 April 1949, Belgium, France, Luxemburg,
the Netherlands, Great Britain, Canada, and the
United States signed the North Atlantic Treaty.
 The agreement stipulated that an act of
aggression against any one of the signatories
would be interpreted as an attack against all.
Warsaw Pact
 A Soviet military
alliance formed
during the Cold
War that
included the
USSR and its
alliances in
Eastern Europe.
The Warsaw
Pact was
formed in 1956,
after West
German joined
NATO.
NORAD
North American Air Defence Agreement
A military alliance between the U.S. and
Canada formed during the Cold War that
puts the American and Canadian air forces
under a single command during times of
emergency
Tito in Yugoslavia
 The leader of Yugoslavia was Josef Broz, more
commonly known as Tito.
 During the Second World War, Tito had led a
group of communist supporters to liberate
Yugoslavia from Nazi control.
 Problems arose between Yugoslavia and the
USSR over issues of political and economic
control.
 Even though Yugoslavia had achieved
communist rule without help, Stalin would not
treat Tito as an equal.
Korean War
Review from UN section
Proxy war The United States and the
Soviet Union did not directly fight each
other.
A Cold War, because the did no directly
fight each other—but, there were many
disputes between the two sides during the
time period.
McCarthyism
 A campaign led by
US senator Joseph
McCarthy and the
House Un-American
Activities Committee
to search for
communist infiltrators
in American society.
Khrushchev Era
De-Stalinization
Berlin Wall
A barricade between East and West Berlin
built by the East German government in
1961 under orders from the USSR. The
wall prevented East Germans from
escaping to the West. East Germany
eventually erected a barricade along its
entire border with West Germany.
The Soviet Bloc (1962-1975)
 During the Khrushchev era, the Soviet Union
concentrated on military control of the Eastern
Bloc while allowing some economic control and
cultural diversity.
 As long as satellite countries remained loyal to
the Warsaw Pact and committed to communism,
some domestic autonomy was allowed.
 Several challenges for control come to the
Soviet Union from these nations. Typically the
Soviet Union ignored these challenges.
The Cuban Missile Crisis
 The USA controlled Cuba until 1959 when a popular
left-wing leader, Fidel Castro, nationalized American
owned sugar industries and confiscated American
casinos and resorts.
 The United States responded with a trade embargo
against Cuba. Under its new president, John F.
Kennedy, the U.S. also attempted to overthrow
Castro’s government.
 On 17 April 1961, a U.S.-backed force tried to land
secretly in Cuba, at the Bay of Pigs. Within three
day, the Cuban army had invaded most of the
invaders.
 Cuba became a Soviet ally.
 The USSR decided to secretly ship nuclear missiles
to Cuba.
 A Soviet missile base in Cuba—practically on the
U.S. border—would give the USSR a new strategic
advantage on the Cold War.
 In October 1962, an American surveillance plane
photographed the missile sites under construction.
 The U.S. demanded the removal of the sites. The
USSR denied any knowledge of these sites.
 The USA then quarantined Cuba; it circled the
island with warships.
 Both sides went on a world-wide alert.
 United States went to Def Con 2, meaning it was
not a matter if but when the president ordered a
nuclear exchange.
 On 28 October 1962, the superpowers reached a
deal. The USSR agreed to remove missiles from
Cuba. The U.S. agreed to remove missiles from
Turkey.
Prague Spring
 Events in Czechoslovakia could not be ignored by the
Soviet Union.
 In early 1968 a new leader took control of
Czechoslovakia. Censorship of the press, radio, and
television was abolished. Even more alarming to the
USSR was the tolerance of non-communist organization
with the potential of developing into political organization.
 If the “Prague Spring” was allowed to continue with its
reforms, the security of the USSR could be at risked.
 Thus, the Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia on 20 August
1968.
 A new leader was installed.
 Moscow announced the Brezhnev Doctrine, which
proclaimed the right of the Soviet Union to determine
when intervention might be necessary in order to
preserve socialism and protect against counterrevolution in the Eastern Bloc.
Nuclear Arms Race
Arms Race following the atomic bombs of
W.W.II
Proliferation of nuclear weapons (other
nations)
MAD (mutually assured destruction)
(nuclear) weapons used as a deterrent.
Nuclear testing though . . .
Other Arms and Weapons
Chemical/Biological - Sergei Popov
Delivery Systems:
SLBM Submarine-launched ballistic missiles
ICBM Inter-Continental ballistic missile
MIRV Multiple Independently Targetable
Reentry Vehicle
SDI “Star Wars”
Detente
A period of relaxed tension between the
superpowers during the Cold war in the
early 1970s.
What factors led to this period of Détente?
Arms Control-Bilateral
1963
Hotline Agreement
Direct communication
between Moscow and
Washington
1972
SALT I
Limit number of ICBMs
and SLBMs allowed on
each side
1979
SALT II (not ratified)
Restricts number of
strategic delivery
vehicles permitted by
both sides
1991
START (Strategic Arms
Reduction Treaty)
Reduces nuclear
arsenals by
approximately 30%
1992
START I Protocol
Commits Russia and the
former Soviet Bloc to the
provisions of START I
1993
START II
Reduce strategic nuclear
arsenals to 3000
(Russia) and 3500 (USA)
Arms Control—Multilateral
1963
Limited Test Ban
Treaty
Prohibits testing
nuclear weapons in
the atmosphere,
underwater, and in
outerspace
1968 (1995)
Nuclear NonProliferation Treaty
Prohibits transfer of
nuclear weapons and
technology to nonnuclear states
1993
Chemical Weapons
Convention
Requires all stockpiles
and production
facilities to be
destroyed
This is only a very small sample of such treaties.
99 Red Balloons
Vietnam War
Russians in Afghanistan
1979 - Power struggle between leftist leaders Hafizullah
Amin and Nur Mohammed Taraki in Kabul won by Amin.
Revolts in countryside continue and Afghan army faces
collapse. Soviet Union finally sends in troops to help
remove Amin, who is executed.
 Soviet intervention
1980 - Babrak Karmal, leader of the People's Democratic
Party Parcham faction, is installed as ruler, backed by
Soviet troops. But anti-regime resistance intensifies with
various mujahideen groups fighting Soviet forces. US,
Pakistan, China, Iran and Saudi Arabia supply money
and arms.
1985 - Mujahideen come together in Pakistan to form
alliance against Soviet forces. Half of Afghan population
now estimated to be displaced by war, with many fleeing
to neighbouring Iran or Pakistan. New Soviet leader
Mikhail Gorbachev says he will withdraw troops from
Afghanistan.
 1986 - US begins supplying mujahideen with Stinger
missiles, enabling them to shoot down Soviet
helicopter gunships. Babrak Karmal replaced by
Najibullah as head of Soviet-backed regime.
1988 - Afghanistan, USSR, the US and Pakistan sign
peace accords and Soviet Union begins pulling out
troops.
1989 - Last Soviet troops leave, but civil war
continues as mujahideen push to overthrow
Najibullah.
1991 - US and USSR agree to end military aid to both
sides.
Proverbs 8:15-16
GOD CONTROLS THE RISE
AND FALL OF RULERS
Cold War Map Assignment