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Unit 5
Modern America Emerges
Chapter 17
The Progressive Era
(Safari Montage—Progressive Era)
Section 1: The Origins of
Progressivism
•Progressivism was a
movement that aimed to
restore economic
opportunities and correct
injustices in American life.
•This movement had 8 major
goals grouped into two
categories:
1.Social Reforms
2.Political Reforms
Social Reforms
People & Groups
Laws & Legal Decisions
1. Social welfare
YMCA, Salvation Army, &
Florence Kelley—helped secure
passage of the Illinois Factory
Act.
Illinois Factory Act—prohibited
child labor and limited women’s
working hours.
2. Morality
Prohibitionists, WCTU, &
Frances Williard
1919 18th Amendment passed-Prohibition.
Volstead Act—reinforced the
18th Amendment.
3. Economic
Eugene Debs and the Socialist
Party, Muckrakers, Upton
Sinclair—The Jungle
Sought to change the mindset of
individual business owners by
publishing articles and
magazines criticizing their
practices.
4. Industrial
Efficiency
Frederick Taylor pushed
Henry Ford began paying
industries to apply the scientific workers more and implementing
method which showed workers
an 8 hour workday.
were not machines and could
not function properly all day.
5. Protecting
Workers
Knights of Labor, Eugene Debs,
American Federation of Labor
8 hour workday, worker’s
compensation, child labor laws,
sanitary working conditions,
minimum wage.
6. Local
Government
Hazen Pingree & Tom
Johnson—Mayors of
Detroit & Cleveland
who looked to destroy
the political machines.
16th & 17th Amendment
7. Big Business
Robert La Follette—
sought to limit the
amount of wealth
accumulated by big
business.
8. Election reform
Federal Government,
Seneca Falls
Convention, and Susan
B. Anthony
Initiative, referendum,
recall, secret ballot, 19th
Amendment
16th & 17th Amendment
Section 3:Teddy Roosevelt and
the Square Deal
•Teddy Roosevelt became
president in 1901 when William
McKinley was assassinated.
•Roosevelt was a Progressive
president and implemented his
reform policies through the
Square Deal. These policies
included:
1.Trustbusting
2.Mediate strikes that threatened
the public welfare
1. Regulate the RR’s—Interstate Commerce Commission
•
Elkins Act—no more rebates and had to notify public of rate
changes
•
Hepburn Act—limited distribution of free RR passes
2. Meat Inspection Act—federal inspection of meat packing industry
3. PFDA—regulated distribution of food
4. Conservation & Pollution Laws
5. Civil Rights—ignored, but way was paved for NAACP—W.E.B.
Du Bois
Section 5: Woodrow Wilson

Howard Taft was elected President in 1908 and had 4 tumultuous
years.

In 1912, Woodrow Wilson was elected President and enacted his
policies outlined in the New Freedom.
The New Freedom included:
1. Clayton Antitrust Act
2. Federal Trade Commission
3. Underwood Act—reduced tariffs
4. Ratification of 16th Amendment
5. Federal Reserve System—banks
6. 19th Amendment
7. End lynching
Chapter 18
America Claims an Empire
(Safari Montage—US & the World 1965)
Section 1: Imperialism & America
•At the turn of the 19th century America was seeking to expand its
territory for the following reasons:
1.Global competition
2.desire for military strength
3.new markets
4.spread culture and democracy
* What is Imperialism? The policy in which stronger nations attempt
to extend their economic, political, and military control over weaker
nations.
* How do we maintain democracy during this process? Expand in the
name of democracy!
Expansion Area
How it was done
Hawaii
Hawaii was dominant in exporting sugar. The US was their big market. In
1890, the US placed a tariff on Hawaiian sugar. In order to avoid paying the
tariff, the plantation owners asked the US to annex their territory. The citizens
of Hawaii overthrew their queen and voted to be annexed.
The SpanishAmerican War
Cuba and the Philippines were seeking independence from harsh colonial rule
by the Spanish. When an American vessel (USS Maine) exploded outside of
Havana, the American press blamed the Spanish (Yellow Journalism). The
public supported aiding Cuba and the Philippines in their attempt to gain
independence.
Philippines
The US aided the Filipinos and the Spanish were overthrown. When the
Spanish left, the US did not and set up the Philippines as an American province.
The US remained there for over 50 years.
Cuba
Teller Amendment—The US recognized Cuban independence and would not use the
war with Spain as a means to occupy Cuba. The US won the war against Spain in 6
months with the help of the Rough Riders and Buffalo Soldiers. When the war ended
the US made Cuba sign the Platt Amendment—The US was given a military base in
Cuba and could intervene if Cuba was ever threatened by another foreign power.
China
The Boxer Rebellion 1900 was a Chinese nationalist movement against foreign
influence in their country. The Boxers killed hundreds of foreigners and Britain,
France, Germany, Japan, and the US put down the rebellion. Even though China
kept its Independence, their leaders were forced to sign the Open Door Policy (John
Hay) that no single nation would create a monopoly on trade with China.
Section 4: America as a World Power
A) What caused American Expansion?
1. Economic competition amongst industrial nations (need for markets)
2. Political and military competition (Alfred Mahan)
3. Nationalism
B) What effects did this have on the US?
1. Alaska—1867
2. Hawaii & Pearl Harbor—1898
3. Treaty of Paris—Spain gave the US Puerto Rico, Guam, & the
Philippines
4. Reorganization of the Puerto Rican government
5. Protectorate over Cuba
6. Open Door Policy with China
7. Construction of the Panama Canal
8. Pressure for Mexico and other countries in the Western Hemisphere
to establish democratic governments.
Chapter 19
The First World War
Section 1: World War I Begins
MAIN IDEA: As World War I intensified, the United States was
forced to abandon its neutrality.
Four factors contributed to the outbreak of World War I in Europe:
• Nationalism: tensions grew as nations pursued only their own
interests.
• Imperialism: rivalries increased as nations jockeyed for power
around the world.
• Militarism: the nations developed strong armed forces to back
up their growing empires.
• Alliances: a series of treaties grouped the nations of Europe
into two armed camps.
***These four factors were caused by Industrialization
•The war broke out in 1914 when a Serb killed the heir to the
throne of Austria-Hungary—Archduke Franz Ferdinand
•The alliance system resulted in Russia defending Serbia against
Austria-Hungary.Germany supported Austria-Hungary and then
declared war on Russia’s ally, France. So Great Britain, France’s
ally, declared war on Germany. Armies soon opposed each other
across a system of trenches. Although neither side gained
territory, hundreds of thousands of soldiers died.
•The United States refused to join either side. Over time, though,
stories of German atrocities and close economic ties to Great
Britain and France moved Americans toward the Allied camp.
* U.S. public opinion turned against Germany
when…
1. some Americans died in German Submarine
attacks (Lusitania)
2. two US ships were sunk
3. Russia w/drew
4. the Zimmerman Note
Section 2: American Power
Tips the Balance
MAIN IDEA: The United
States mobilized a large
army and navy to help the
Allies achieve victory.
•The United States was not
prepared for war, but it
launched a draft and
quickly put about 3 million
men in uniform. Women
were not drafted, but the
navy accepted women
volunteers as nurses and
secretaries. African
Americans served in
separate units; some were
•The US created various boards to oversee wartime policies.
These boards included…
1.War Industries Board
2.Railroad Administration
3.Fuel Administration
4.War Labor Board
5.Food Administration
6.Committee of Public Information
7.Espionage & Sedition Acts
•During war years 1914-1917, the war was a stalemate with each
side digging trenches and stuck between “no man’s land.”
•When Russia w/drew, the balance shifted towards the Central
Powers (Germany & Austria-Hungary), and away from the Allies
(France & Great Britain).
•The US quickly shifted the balance again in favor of the Allies as
they provided fresh & motivated troops, machine guns, and helped
the British mass produce a new weapon of war…the tank.
•In November of 1918, German sailors, soldiers, and civilians
mutinied, refusing to continue the war. The German Kaiser abdicated
his throne, and the new government surrendered.
Section 3: The War at Home
MAIN IDEA: World War I spurred social, political, and economic
change in the United States.
*To fight the war adequately, the United States had to mobilize
industry and labor, as well as soldiers. Wilson named Bernard M.
Baruch to head the War Industries Board (WIB), the main agency
responsible for overseeing industrial production. It helped boost
industrial output by 20 percent. But prices rose as well. While some
industries—metal work, shipbuilding, and meat packing—boomed,
workers lost buying power due to higher prices. Union membership
grew dramatically.
*The Food Administration encouraged people to change their eating
habits to save food for soldiers. The government paid for the war by
raising taxes and by selling bonds, which celebrities helped sell. To
support the war effort, the Committee of Public Information
encouraged people to aid the cause.
*The war brought an anti-German backlash that discredited things
German or people of German background. Congress passed the
Espionage and Sedition Acts to punish anyone who interfered with
the draft or the sale of war bonds or who said anything that could be
defined as disloyal. About 1,500 people were convicted under these
laws. Some chief targets were socialists and union leaders.
*African-American leaders were divided over the war. Some said that
helping the war effort would enhance the fight for equality. Others
said that without equality, blacks should not help. The main effect of
the war on African Americans was to spur the Great Migration—the
movement of thousands of blacks from the South to the cities of the
North. They tried to escape harsh treatment in the South and hoped
to find jobs and equality in the North.
*Women played new roles, taking jobs that had been held only by
men in the past. Their contribution helped increase support for
women’s suffrage and ensured ratification, in 1920, of the Nineteenth
Amendment giving women the right to vote. About 500,000
Americans died in a worldwide flu epidemic in 1919.
Section 4: Wilson Fights for Peace
MAIN IDEA: European leaders opposed most of Wilson's peace
plan, and the U.S. Senate failed to ratify the peace treaty.
•President Wilson traveled to Europe to push for a peace plan—
called the Fourteen Points—that he hoped would prevent future
wars. He hoped to remove the causes of war by eliminating
secret treaties and reducing imperialism. Other points aimed at
specific adjustments to boundaries. Underlying these points was
Wilson’s goal of allowing ethnic groups to determine their own
fate. Finally, Wilson proposed creating an international
organization called the League of Nations to give nations a
chance to discuss and settle their disputes without resorting to
war.
•Wilson lost almost all of his points: Great Britain, France, and
Italy—the victors—were determined to punish Germany for the
war. The Treaty of Versailles, which established the peace,
created nine new nations in Europe. It carved out parts of the
Ottoman Empire—which had allied with Germany—to create
temporary colonies for Great Britain and France in the Middle
East. It took away Germany’s army and navy and forced
Germany to pay war damages, or reparations, to the victors. In
one provision, Germany had to admit to guilt for causing the
war.
The treaty had three weaknesses.
1. The harsh treatment of Germany, which weakened that
nation’s economy and aroused resentment there.
2. The treaty ignored the new Communist government in
Russia.
3. It did nothing to recognize nationalist desires in the colonies
of European powers.
* Many Americans opposed the treaty, which they believed
was unjust and imperfect. The main debate was over the
League of Nations—the only of Wilson’s Fourteen Points
contained in the treaty. Many people believed that joining the
League would involve the United States in foreign conflicts.
Wilson refused to compromise on the League or accept
amendments to the treaty proposed by Republican leaders.
The Senate failed to ratify the treaty, and the United States
never entered the League of Nations.
In Europe, the war created political instability and violence that
lasted for decades. The unresolved issues of World War I,
along with many Germans’ desire for vengeance,would plunge
the world into an even greater conflict.