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Chapter 6 Notes
U.S. Government 1789-1800
Bill of Rights
 Guarantee religious freedom, freedom of
expression, and protect property and people
from arbitrary legal proceedings.
 Freedom to keep and bear arms.
 All powers not mentioned are retained by the
states
First President
 1789 Washington was elected unanimously
 John Adams finished second and is the Vice-
President
 First Cabinet created –
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State Department – Thomas Jefferson
Treasury Department – Alexander Hamilton
War Department – Henry Knox
Justice Department – Edmund Randolph
The Cabinet Today
 Hillary Rodham
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Clinton
Sec of State is the
President's principal
foreign policy advisor
U.S. Embassies
U.S. Ambassadors
Protects and assists
U.S. citizens living or
traveling abroad
 Secretary Timothy Geithner
 Promote conditions for
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prosperity and stability in the
U.S. and encourage
prosperity and stability in the
rest of the world
U.S. Mint
Bureau of Printing &
Engraving
Internal Revenue Service
Bureau of Public Debt
Circulation of high-denomination bills was halted in
1969 by executive order of President Richard Nixon,
in an effort to combat organized crime. The Federal
Reserve began taking high-denomination bills out of
circulation that year; as of May 30, 2009, there were
only 336 of the $10,000 bills in circulation; 342
remaining $5,000 bills; and 165,372 $1,000 bills still
being used. Due to their rarity, collectors will pay
considerably more than the face value of the bills to
acquire them.
Most recently, in order to honor the man who
introduced the modern system of banknotes. Chase
was on the$10,000 bill, printed from 1928 to 1946.
Salmon P. Chase was instrumental in placing the
phrase "In God We Trust" on United States currency.
 Secretary Leon E. Panetta
 $1.030–$1.415 trillion
budget
Office of the Secretary of Defense
Unified Commands
Chairman of the JCS
Military Departments
Department of Defense
Military Departments
U.S. Army
U.S. Air Force
U.S. Navy
Department of
Homeland Security
U.S. Marine
Corps
U.S. Coast
Guard
 Attorney General Eric H. Holder, Jr.
 Federal Bureau of Investigation
 Drug Enforcement Administration
 U.S. Marshals Service
 Prosecutes violations of civil-rights laws
 Provides all legal services required by the President
and other executive departments
 Secretary Kenneth L. Salazar
 Started by maintaining White
House grounds
 National Park Service (84
million acres)
 U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
(conservation)
 Bureau of Indian Affairs
 Secretary Thomas J. Vilsack
 Forest Service (192 million acres)
 Food Safety Inspection Service
(meat, poultry)
 Food stamp and school lunch
program
 Farm loans and crop insurance
 Secretary Rebecca
Blank
 Promote the nation’s economic
development & technological
advancement
 NOAA (National Oceanic &
Atmospheric Administration)
 Patent Office
 Census Bureau
Department of Labor
 Secretary Hilda Solis
 Ensure welfare of wage earners
 Minimum wage $7.67 and work
hours
 Unemployment Insurance
 Secretary Kathleen
Sebelius
 Medicare & Medicaid
 Head Start
 Meals on Wheels
 Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention
 Food & Drug Administration
 Secretary Shaun L.S. Donovan
 Increase home ownership, support
community development and increase
access to affordable housing
 Federal Housing Administration
 Federal Disaster Assistance
 Witness Relocation
 Secretary Raymond LaHood
 Federal Aviation Administration
 Federal Highway Administration
 Secretary Steven Chu
 Mission is to advance the
national, economic and
energy security of the U.S.
 Dispose of nuclear weapons
 Regulate nuclear power
 Manhattan Project – 1942
 Secretary Arne Duncan
 Grants and Financial Aid
 Drug Education
 Enforce equal opportunities
 Secretary Eric K.
Shinseki
 Veteran benefits (health
benefits, G.I. Bill, rehabilitation,
survivor benefits, etc.)
 Cemeteries
 Secretary Janet Napolitano
 Transportation Security
 Customs and Border Security
 Immigration and Citizenship
 Emergency Preparedness (FEMA)
 U.S. Coast Guard
 Secret Service
Washington’s America & Uniformity
of New England
 As of 1790, the national census counted about 4
million Americans.
 One in four Americans lived in New England.
 New England had poor soil, long, cold winters, which
made growing crops impractical.
 Most of New England’s population were
descendants of seventeenth century English
immigrants.
 While Quakers, Baptists, and Catholics gained the
rights to worship by the 1720’s, Congregationalism
(system of church governance where local church congregation is
independent ) was deemed the official religion of in
Connecticut and Massachusetts.
 Women outnumbered men in the region (New
England was the only region where this happened).
 Slavery was abolished in the 1780’s.
Mid-Atlantic Pluralism
 Mid-Atlantic region- New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.
 English descent was less than 40%
 Majority of ethnic groups: Dutch, Scots-Irish in New York,
Germans and Scots-Irish in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
 Religious diversity and economic opportunity
 All factors led to this area being called the “first breadbasket.”
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Region where soil was best and large
amounts of crops could be grown.
The South
 Maryland and Delaware to Georgia
 Climate and soil was perfect for growing cash crops.
 Just under 40% of the south’s population was African
slaves.
The Westerners
 Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River
 By the end of 1780’s, white population was 200,000;
Native American population 150,000.
 Relationship between whites and Indians grew tense
and sometimes violent.
 Most white migrants who went to Kentucky and
Tennessee were young, rural poor from seaboard
slave states.
 Life in the West was hard and cruel.
 Death rate was very high, especially among
infants.
 Many in the area were squatters, occupying
land in hopes of someday gaining ownership
to it.
Forging a New Government
 Washington and Congress’
first issue was how to
address the executive chief.
 John Adams wanted to call
him “His Highness,” while
others wanted “Mr.
President.”
 Regardless of his title,
Washington wanted the
presidency to be respectable
and he set guidelines for
presidential etiquette.
 Washington was sworn into
office April 30, 1789.
First Presidential Cabinet
 President: George Washington
 Vice President: John Adams
 Department of State (dealt with foreign affairs):
Thomas Jefferson
 Department of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton
 Department of War: Henry Knox
 Attorney General: Edmund Randolph
 Cabinet: president’s chief advisors.
 The Judiciary Act of 1789
 Implementation of the judiciary clause of the
Constitution by Congress, which established the
Supreme Court and a system of lower federal courts.
 The Tariff Act of 1789
 Apart from a few selected industries, this first tariff
passed by Congress was intended to raise revenue
and not protect American manufacturers from foreign
competition.
 Tonnage Act of 1789
 Duty levied on the tonnage of incoming ships to U.S.
ports; tax was higher on foreign-owned ships to favor
American ships.
Hamilton vs. Jefferson
 Alexander Hamilton
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Believed in a strong central government led by a prosperous,
educated elite of upper-class citizens.
Commerce and industry were keys to a strong nation.
 Thomas Jefferson
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Distrusted a strong central government and the rich.
Favored strong state governments and local governments.
Favored a society of farmer-citizens
Hamilton and the Public Credit
 Plans to address Revolutionary War debt
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National government responsible for two-thirds of debt.
Individual states are responsible for the rest of the debt.
 Call for an excise tax on distilled whiskey.
 Proposal to charter a national bank
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Funded by federal government and private investors.
Issue paper money and handle tax receipts and other government
funds.
 Recommendation for government to promote
industry.
Washington D.C.
 Hamilton suggests nation’s capital be moved from New York
City to a more central location.
 In 1790, a debt bill passed Congress, along with authorization
for the construction of a new national capital in the District of
Columbia.
 French engineer, Pierre L’Enfant chosen to draw plans for new
capital.
 Washington replaced L’Enfant (due to being obstinate) with
Andrew Ellicot, who redrew the plans.
 African American surveyor, Benjamin Banneker helped with the
surveying work.
 By 1800, the capital had been officially moved. John Adams will be the
first president to live there.
Emergence of Parties
 Federalists were supporters of the Constitution who
favored its ratification (supporters of Hamilton’s
program).
 Republicans were opposed of the Federalists,
identifying with the individual liberties and the
heritage of the Revolution.
 They believed Federalists of trying to impose the
British system of economic privilege and social
exploitation.
 The Republican Party
(Jeffersonian Party) was
headed by Thomas
Jefferson
 Opposed financial and
diplomatic policies of the
Federalists
 Favored limiting powers
of the national
government
 Place interests of farmers
over those of financial
and commercial groups
The Whiskey Rebellion
 Armed uprising in1794 by farmers in western
Pennsylvania who attempted to prevent the
collection of the excise tax on whiskey.
 Protective tariff –
import tax on goods produced in
Europe.
 Excise tax –
distribution.
a tax on a product’s manufacture; sale, or
The French Revolution
 Washington wanted America to remain neutral.
 Democratic-Republican societies started to grow in belief of
democracy and republicanism as one.
 Republicans, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison wanted to
support France.
 Federalist, Alexander Hamilton wanted to back britain.
 Democratic-Republicans attacked Washington for not helping
France during their revolution.
Treaty with Spain
 United States wants to
negotiate with Spain for land
west of the Appalachian
Mountains and gain shipping
rights on the Mississippi
River.
 Spain owns Florida and
Louisiana Territory.
 U.S. ambassador Thomas
Pinckney pushed for treaty
with Spain.
Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795
 Also known as Treaty of
San Lorenzo or Treaty
of Madrid.
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Spain gave up claims to
land east of Mississippi
River (except Florida).
U.S. can use Mississippi
River for trade and the
Port of New Orleans.
Importance: paved way
for westward expansion
of U.S.
 British fort still in Ohio,
Illinois, Michigan, and
Wisconsin.
 Native Americans still lived
in Northwest Territory and
never excepted the
provisions of the Treaty of
Paris.
 1790, General Josiah
Harmar battled against a
group of Native Americans
led by Miami chieftain, Little
Turtle.
Battle of Fallen Timbers
 General Anthony Wayne (Mad Anthony) vs.
Miami Confederacy.
 August 20, 1794, General Wayne defeated
the Miami Confederacy near present day
Toledo, Ohio.
 Miami Confederacy signed Treaty of Grenville
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Gave up most of land in Ohio in exchange for
$10,000 a year.
Treaties with Britain
 Jay’s Treaty
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Treaty with Britain negotiated November 19, 1794, where the
United States made major concessions to avert war over the British
seizure of American ships, cargo and crews.
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This treaty did not resolve issue. However, it still somehow passed he
Senate.
British allowed to continue fur trade along the U.S.-Canadian
border.
The First Partisan Election
 Washington’s Farewell
Address denounced
partisanships.
 Candidates in presidential
election of 1796; John
Adams/Thomas Pinckney
(Federalist), Thomas
Jefferson/ Aaron
Burr(Republican).
The Last Federalist Administration
 John Adam’s
 Pre-Revolutionary
lawyer
 Revolutionary veteran
 Washington’s VP for
eight years
 Politically naive
 His Presidency
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XYZ Affair- 1798
incident where
Americans were
outraged by the demand
of the French for a
$250,000 bribe as a
condition for negotiating
with American diplomats.
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Quasi-War- Undeclared
naval war between 17971800 between the U.S.
and France.
 Alien and Sedation Acts- Four acts passed by
Congress in 1798 that curtailed freedom of speech
and the liberty of foreigners resident in the United
States.
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Residency requirement from 5 yrs to 14 yrs.
President may deport or jail any alien considered undesirable.
Set fines and jail terms for anyone expressing damaging ideas towards the
government.
 States’ rights- favoring the rights of individual states over rights
claimed by the national government.
 Virginia and Kentucky Resolution
 Proposed by Jefferson and Madison (Republicans)
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Opposed Alien and Sedition Acts
Nullification- states had the right to nullify, or consider void,
any act of Congress that they deemed unconstitutional.
End of the Federalists
 Franco-American Accord of 1800-
settlement reached with France that brought
the Quasi-War to an end and released the
U.S. from its 1778 alliance with France.
 Federalists could not overcome the
overwhelming disunity between the party.
 Federalists were attacked as being
disbelievers of Christianity.
 Thomas Jefferson
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Virginia
Democratic-Republican
73
52.9%
 Aaron Burr
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New York
Democratic-Republican
73
52.9%
 To eliminate future
problems:
 12th Amendment:
President and VP
on separate ballots
so there would
never be a tie.

1800, France acquired Spanish Louisiana & New Orleans
 Jefferson offered to buy New Orleans from France
 Offered Napoleon $10 million to buy New Orleans
•
Napoleon offered entire
Louisiana Territory to US for
$15 million
• Needed the money for his war
with Great Britain
• Jefferson purchased
Louisiana Territory for $15
million, about 3 cents an acre
• Doubled the size of the US
The Corps of Discovery
Spring, 1804: Jefferson
sends personal secretary
Meriwether Lewis and army
officer William Clark to
explore the northern
Louisiana Territory.
Exploration yielded maps,
knowledge of Indians,
overland trail to Pacific
Ocean.
They fail to locate the
Northwest Passage
 Impressment
An act of kidnapping a ship, its
contents, men and forcing them
into your navy.

1806: England seized US ships
& impressed Americans.
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Napoleon ordered seizure of all
merchant ships that entered
British ports.
•Chesapeake was a US merchant ship 10
miles off the coast of Virginia. A British ship
in the region ordered it to stop.
•British fired 3 shots at the Chesapeake
before it surrendered
•3 Americans were killed, 18 wounded and 4
sailors impressed
 Embargo – ban on exporting
products to other countries.
 Jefferson’s response to the
Chesapeake Affair was the
Embargo Act of 1807….
 Short of war, Jefferson
attempted to defend our
neutrality by stopping all
American exports to the
world.
 Hurt American business;
ended in 1809 by order of
Congress.
 Angered by an insulting
remark attributed to Hamilton.
 Burr challenged the
Federalist leader to a duel
and fatally shot him.
 Hamilton’s death in 1804
deprived the Federalists of
their last great leader and
earned Burr the enmity of
many.
•
•
Born in Virginia, 1751
Enlisted in Continental Army but
too small
Father of the Constitution and Bill of
Rights
•
Secretary of State during
Jefferson’s Presidency
Non-Intercourse Act
1809 - This act only forbade trade with France
and Britain.
Macon’s Bill No. 2
1810 - Traded with Britain and France, but
offered to resume trade with whichever nation
lifted its neutral trading restrictions first and
cut off trade w/the other.
Napoleon tricks Madison
 August, 1810: in response, Napoleon announced impressment
would stop (liar liar pants of fire!!)
 November, 1810: Madison announces non-importation against
Britain.
 Major foreign policy mistake
War Hawks
 New members of Congress, John C. Calhoun and
Henry Clay want war with Great Britain….Why?
•
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U.S. must defend its neutrality
Stop impressment
British forts
Tecumseh
Desire for Canada and Florida
Called 2nd War of Independence
Tecumseh
 Tecumseh (Shawnee
warrior) & the Prophet
(brother) formed union of
tribes east of Mississippi to
fight white intrusion.

Supplied by the British
 1809: General William H.
Harrison appointed as
governor of Indiana
Territory.
“Mr. Madison’s War”
 June, 1812: War Hawks engineer declaration of war with England.
 Unfortunately, Congress was not aware that London repealed impressment
policy 2 days prior to war
 New England opposed to war but Southern/western states supported
the war.
• US unprepared for war.
• Failed invasion into
Canada.
• Blockade hurt US
economy…
The Battle of Thames River,
Oct. 5, 1813
 US military victory led by General William H.
Harrison

Tecumseh was killed during this battle
 The Battle of Lake Erie was probably the most important naval
battle of the war
 After defeating the British, Captain Oliver Hazard Perry
declared, “We have met the enemy and they are ours”
Burning of the White House
 Washington, D.C. burned by British, August 25th, 1814.

Dolly Madison escaped from White House and took many pieces
of art, furniture from the White House before the British
destroyed it.
 U.S. Flag which flew over Fort McHenry to
inspire Francis Scott Key to write the Star
Spangled Banner. September 13th, 1814
The Treaty of Ghent

Signed on December 24, 1814, in Ghent (modern day Belgium, then in limbo
between the First French Empire and United Kingdom of the Netherlands), was
the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of
America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The treaty largely
restored relations between the two nations to status quo ante bellum. Because
of the era's slow communications, it took weeks for news of the peace treaty to
reach the United States, and the Battle of New Orleans was fought after it was
signed.

War of 1812 is considered a “stalemate”…Dec. 1814.

Peace commissioners in Ghent devised the following terms of peace
 A halt to the fighting
 Return to prewar boundaries
•
•
10,000 British troops reached the mouth of the Mississippi River and
were threatening the Louisiana Purchase.
4,500 U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson, the British were defeated on
January 8, 1815, 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent was negotiated to
end the war.

* Considered greatest U.S. victory to
that time.
•
The Battle of New Orleans took
place on January 8, 1815 and was
the final major battle of the War of
1812. American forces, commanded
by Major General Andrew Jackson,
defeated an invading British Army
intent on seizing New Orleans and
the vast territory the United States
had acquired with the Louisiana
Purchase. The Treaty of Ghent had
been signed on December 24,
1814, but news of the peace would
not reach the combatants until
February. he battle is widely
regarded as the greatest American
land victory of the war.
*Defeated British’s best without help
from any country

The War’s Legacy
 U.S. gained the respect of other nations
 U.S. came to accept Canada as a part of the British Empire
 The Federalist party came to an end
 Talk of secession in New England set a precedent that would
later be used by the South
 Gained our neutrality and became isolated from Europe