Download Reconstruction - Effingham County Schools

UNIT: CLASH OF BELIEFS,
RECONSTRUCTION
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SSUSH10 The student will identify legal, political, and social dimensions of
Reconstruction.
a. Compare and contrast Presidential Reconstruction with Radical Republican
Reconstruction.
b. Explain efforts to redistribute land in the South among the former slaves and
provide advanced education (e.g., Morehouse College) and describe the role of the
Freedmen’s Bureau.
c. Describe the significance of the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments.
d. Explain Black Codes, the Ku Klux Klan, and other forms of resistance to racial
equality during Reconstruction.
e. Explain the impeachment of Andrew Johnson in relationship to Reconstruction
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f. Analyze how the presidential election of 1876 and the subsequent
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compromise of 1877 marked the end of Reconstruction.
RECONSTRUCTION
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The unit concludes with a focus on the
beliefs and ideals of political
reconstruction of the South and the
struggles of newly freed African-Americans.
RECONSTRUCTION
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Reconstruction is the era in the U.S.
history from 1865 to 1877, when the U.S.
focused on abolishing slavery, destroying
all traces of the Confederacy, establishing
the rights of Freedmen, the name used for
freed slaves, and through three new
constitutional amendments, strengthening
the role of the federal governments and its
courts.
RECONSTRUCTION
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TYPES OF RECONSTRUCTION
1. PRESIDENTIAL RECONSTRUCTION
2. RADICAL REPUBLICAN
RECONSTRUCTION
RECONSTRUCTION
OPPOSITION TO
RECONSTRUCTION
PRESIDENTIAL
RECONSTRUCTION
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1. PLAN OF PRES. A. LINCOLN AND PRES.
ANDREW JOHNSON (DISCUSSED IN 2ND
INAUGURAL ADDRESS)
2. URGED NO REVENGE ON THE S
3. ADMIT S BACK INTO UNION ASAP
4. REPUBLICANS IN CONGRESS WERE
OUTRAGED, THOUGH, THAT NEW STATE
GOVERNMENTS IN S WERE PASSING LAWS
ALLOWING DISCRIMINATION AGAINST
BLACKS, THE NEWLY FREED SLAVES.
RADICAL REPUBLICAN
RECONSTRUCTION
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1. OPPOSED TO PRESIDENTIAL
RECONSTRUCTION OF PRES. JOHNSON
2. CONGRESS FORCED STATES IN S. TO
REAPPLY FOR ADMISSION TO UNION AND
MAKE PROGRESS FOR RIGHTS OF BLACKS.
3. RESULT: CREATION OF GOVTS WITH
BLACKS INVOLVED
4. MAJOR LEGISLATION WHICH BECAME
LAWS IN USC TO PROTECT RIGHTS OF
BLACKS
1) “CIVIL WAR AMENDMENTS” TO THE USC
CIVIL WAR AMENDMENTS
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1. AMENDMENT 13 – ABOLISHED
SLAVERY
2. AMENDMENT 14 – CITIZENSHIP FOR
ALL PERSONS BORN IN USA
(INCLUDING BLACKS) AND GUARANTEE
OF RIGHT OF DUE PROCESS
3. AMENDMENT 15 – SUFFRAGE FOR
ALL MALES AGE 21 AND OLDER
GAINS OF BLACK AMERICANS
DURING RECONSTRUCTION
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1. ESTABLISHED FREE SCHOOLS
2. STARTED NEWSPAPERS
3. SERVED IN PUBLIC OFFICE
4. ESTABLISHED NEW COLLEGES
1) MOREHOUSE, ATLANTA, 1867, FOR
MINISTRY AND EDUCATION
MOREHOUSE COLLEGE
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Morehouse College is a private, allmale, historically black college located
in Atlanta, Georgia. It is one of four
remaining traditional men’s colleges in
the United States.
Located on a 61 acre (247,000 m²)
campus, the college has an
enrollment of 3,000 students. The
student-faculty ratio of the campus is
16:1 and 100% of the school's tenuretrack faculty hold terminal degrees.
Along with Clark Atlanta University,
Interdenominational Theological
Center, Morehouse School of
Medicine and nearby women's college
Spelman College, Morehouse is part
of the Atlanta University Center.
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WILLIAM JEFFERSON WHITE
RICHARD C. COULTER
On May 16, 2008, Joshua Packwood
became the first white valedictorian to
graduate in the school's 141-year
history.
GAINS, CONTINUED
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5. CONGRESS ESTABLISHED THE
FREEDMEN’S BUREAU TO HELP
BLACKS MAKE TRANSITION TO
FREEDOM.
6. BLACKS HAD FEW SKILLS. MOST
CONTINUED TO FARM BY
SHARECROPPING OR TENANT
FARMING.
FARMING
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1) Sharecropping is a system of
agriculture or agricultural production in
which a landowner allows a tenant to use
the land in return for a share of the crop
produced on the land
2) Tenant farming is farming by one who
resides on and farms land owned by a
landlord.
THE MAJOR EVENT OF
RECONSTRUCTION
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IMPEACHMENT OF PRES. ANDREW JOHNSON
1. IMPEACHMENT-FORMAL CHARGE OF MISCONDUCT IN
OFFICE (NOT REMOVAL FROM OFFICE)
2. Johnson was impeached for the charge of High Crimes and
Misdemeanors on February 24, 1868, of which one of the articles of
impeachment was violating the Tenure of Office Act. (REMOVED A
CABINET OFFICIAL WITHOUT CONGRESSIONAL APPROVAL)
3. RADICAL REPUBLICANS IMPEACHED JOHNSON BECAUSE
HE IGNORED LAWS THEY HAD PASSED TO LIMIT
PRESIDENT’S POWER.
4. THE LAWS HAD BEEN PASSED TO STOP JOHNSON FROM
LIMITING THE RADICALS HOSTILE TREATMENT OF
SOUTHERN STATES.
IMPEACHMENT TRIAL IN SENATE OF
PRESIDENT ANDREW JOHNSON
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The Situation
A Harper's Weekly cartoon gives
a humorous breakdown of "the
situation". Secretary of War Edwin
Stanton aims a cannon labeled
"Congress" on the side at
President Andrew Johnson and
Lorenzo Thomas to show how
Stanton was using congress to
defeat the president and his
unsuccessful replacement. He
also holds a rammer marked
"Tenure of Office Bill" and cannon
balls on the floor are marked
"Justice". Ulysses S. Grant and
an unidentified man stand to
Stanton's left.
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Andrew Johnson
(December 29, 1808 –
July 31, 1875) was the
17th President of the
United States (1865–69),
succeeding to the
Presidency upon the
assassination of Abraham
Lincoln. He was the first
U.S. President to be
impeached.
RECONSTRUCTION
RESISTANCE TO RACIAL EQUALITY
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1. FORMER SLAVE STATES IN S ENACTED
BLACK CODES.
2. BLACK CODES RESTRICTED FREED
BLACKS…DEPRIVED BLACKS OF RIGHTS,
ESPECIALLY VOTING (SUFFRAGE.)
3. FORMATION OF KKK, KU KLUX, KLAN
4. CARPETBAGGERS-NORTHERNERS WHO
HELPED BLACKS
5. SCALAWAGS-SOUTHERNERS WHO
HELPED BLACKS AND CARPETBAGGERS
FINAL THOUGHTS,
RECONSTRUCTION
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1. MOST WHITE, SOUTHERNERS
RESISTED RECONSTRUCTION.
2. RECONSTRUCTION ENDED WHEN
FEDERAL TROOPS WERE WITHDRAWN
FROM S IN 1877.
3. SOUTHERN WHITES REGAINED
CONTROL OF STATE GOVTS.
4. UNLAWFUL SEGREGATION BEGAN.
THE END OF RECONSTRUCTION
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THE ELECTION OF 1876
THE COMPROMISE OF 1877
ELECTION OF 1876
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The United States presidential election of 1876 was one of
the most disputed presidential elections in American history.
Samuel J. Tilden of New York outpolled Ohio's Rutherford B.
Hayes in the popular vote, and had 184 electoral votes to
Hayes' 165, with 20 votes uncounted. These 20 electoral
votes were in dispute: in three states (Florida, Louisiana, and
South Carolina), each party reported its candidate had won
the state, while in Oregon one elector was declared illegal (as
an "elected or appointed official") and replaced. The 20
disputed electoral votes were ultimately awarded to Hayes
after a bitter legal and political battle, giving him the victory.
RUTHERFORD HAYES AND
SAMUEL TILDEN, ELECION, 1876
COMPROMISE OF 1877
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Many historians believe that an informal deal was
struck to resolve the dispute: the Compromise of
1877. In return for Democrat acquiescence in
Hayes' election, the Republicans agreed to
withdraw federal troops from the South, ending
Reconstruction. The Compromise effectively
ceded power in the Southern states to the white
supremacist "Redeemers" (who were Democrats).
The Redeemers subsequently disfranchised
African-Americans in the South and barred them
from holding any political offices.
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The Compromise of 1877 was an informal, unwritten deal
that settled the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election.
Through it, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the
White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the
understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops
that were propping up Republican state governments in
South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. Consequently, the
incumbent President, Republican Ulysses Grant, removed
the soldiers from Florida before Hayes as his successor
removed the remaining troops in South Carolina and
Louisiana. As soon as the troops left, many Republicans also
left (or became Democrats) and the "Redeemer" Democrats
took control.