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Welcome! Thank you for “attending” the Women’s History Month Online Workshop. There is a lot of great information about various aspects of the important contributions and achievements of some dynamic women . Please familiarize yourself with the information provided on this PowerPoint, the information given through the video and be prepared to take the quiz afterward. March is… Women’s History Month Women’s History Month, now celebrated annually in the United States, grew out of a weeklong celebration of women’s contributions to culture, history and society organized by the school district of Sonoma, California, in 1979. The idea quickly caught on within communities, schools and organizations across the country. In 1981, the U.S. Congress made it official, passing a resolution establishing Women’s History Week. Six years later, the event was expanded into the entire month of March. Pictured: Gloria Steinem Each year, the National Women’s History Project selects a theme that highlights achievements by distinguished women in specific fields, from medicine and the environment to art and politics. The 2010 theme, “Writing Women Back into History,” commemorates the project’s 30th anniversary and recognizes efforts to document women’s accomplishments and experiences in textbooks and other educational materials. Women’s History Month coincides with International Women’s Day, which many countries celebrate every March 8 with demonstrations, educational initiatives and customs such as offering gifts and flowers. The United Nations has sponsored the holiday since 1975. 1777 - 1784 Abigail Adams is the wife of John Adams, the second president of the United States and mother of John Quincy Adams, the sixth U.S. president. John and Abigail enjoy a long and spirited relationship with extended periods of written correspondence while John is away on government business. In reference to his work on the Declaration of Independence, she writes to remind him that women “will not hold ourselves bound by laws which we have no voice.” Influential Woman: Sojourner Truth Former slave Isabella van Wagener obtains her freedom in 1828 and later takes the name Sojourner Truth. She begins to preach against slavery throughout New York and New England. In 1850, she encounters the women’s rights movement and incorporates its cause to hers. In 1851 she delivers her “Ain’t I a Woman?” speech at the Ohio Women’s Rights Convention to an enthralled audience, cementing her reputation as a dynamic speaker. During the Civil War she supports black volunteer regiments and is received by President Abraham Lincoln at the White House. Watch actress Cecily Tyson perform “Ain’t I a Woman?” at the Congressional Tribute here 1848 The first woman's rights convention is held in Seneca Falls, New York. Attended by 300 people including 40 men. Discussions range from the reforming marriage and property laws to a woman’s right to vote. In the end, 68 women and 32 men sign a Declaration of Sentiments calling for equal treatment of women and men under law and voting rights for women. Influential Woman: Elizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton, active abolitionist, becomes an earlier architect of the woman’s rights and suffrage movements. She forms a partnership with Susan B. Anthony to promote the cause of women’s rights. In addition, she advocates a number of other issues beyond voting rights such as a woman’s parental and property rights, employment and income rights, and divorce laws. The Declaration of Sentiments, penned at the Seneca Falls convention by Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1848, borrows heavily from the Declaration of Independence in both language and purpose with statements such as, "We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal.” A torrent of condemnation follows the Seneca Falls Convention from both the press and the pulpit. Although somewhat uneasy with the criticism, Elizabeth Cady Stanton feels the press coverage is beneficial overall as many leading newspapers publish the full version of the Declaration of Sentiments. Influential Woman: Susan B. Anthony Susan B. Anthony’s Quaker upbringing influences the role she plays in the 19th century. She begins her professional life in teaching, one of only a few jobs open to women, earning one-fifth the salary of her male colleagues. Exhausted from 10 years of teaching, she joins the temperance society and in 1851 meets Elizabeth Stanton. They form a life-long personal and professional relationship. During the Civil War Susan Anthony works for the emancipation of slaves and tries to link woman’s suffrage with freeing the slaves, but without success. She works all the rest of her life for woman’s suffrage however, by her death in 1906 only four states grant suffrage to women. But her crusade goes on and in 1920 Congress adopts the 19th Amendment finally giving American women the right to vote. In 1869… The National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association, both founded in 1869, were the main suffrage organizations in the U.S. during the 19th century. They pursued the right to vote in different ways, but by 1890 it became necessary to combine efforts to keep the cause alive. The newly formed organization, the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), became the most mainstream and nationally visible pro-suffrage group. Its strategy was to push for suffrage at the state level, believing that state-by-state support would eventually force the federal government to pass the amendment. In 1920… After over seventy years of struggle, women are finally granted the right to vote as the 19th Amendment is ratified. With most southern states against the Amendment, the vote comes down to the state of Tennessee where it passes by one vote in the Tennessee house. The deciding vote is cast by Representative Harry Burn who carried in his pocket a letter from his mother encouraging him to vote for women’s suffrage. From 1941-1945 At the outbreak of World War II, American men go off to war in droves and leave a gaping hole in the workforce needed to build the tools of war. To meet the demand, government actively recruits women to fill the gap. Initially, the effort was met with resistance so the government created a promotion campaign to sell the public on the idea and recruit able-bodied women into the workforce. "Rosie the Riveter" was a compilation of different efforts by private industry and government to get more people involved in the war effort. After the war, many women returned to their domestic roles in the home, but many remained working while their husbands went back to school under the G.I. Bill. Though female numbers in the workforce dropped off after the war, they never returned to their lower pre-war levels. Influential Woman: Rosa Parks In 1955, the Montgomery, Alabama transportation system employs a segregated system on city buses where African-Americans are required to sit in the back rows of the bus. If all seats are full and a white person comes on the bus, AfricanAmericans are required to give up their seat. Rosa Parks boards the bus on December 1, 1955 after a long day of work. After a few stops all seats are full and when the next white person gets on the bus, she is asked to give up her seat. She refuses, is arrested, and placed in jail. AfricanAmerican community leaders come and pay her bail and soon organize a boycott to challenge the Montgomery transportation segregation laws. 1960-1964 In 1964, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act bans discrimination in employment on the basis of race and sex. At the same time the Act establishes the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to investigate complaints and impose penalties on sex discrimination. Influential Woman: Shirley Chisholm In 1969, Chisholm became the first black congresswoman and began the first of seven terms. After initially being assigned to the House Forestry Committee, she shocked many by demanding reassignment. She was placed on the Veterans' Affairs Committee, eventually graduating to the Education and Labor Committee. She became one of the founding members of the Congressional Black Caucus in 1969. Chisholm became the first African American woman to make a bid to be President of the United States when she ran for the Democratic nomination in 1972. A champion of minority education and employment opportunities throughout her tenure in Congress, Chisholm was also a vocal opponent of the draft. After leaving Congress in 1983, she taught at Mount Holyoke College and was popular on the lecture circuit. In the 1970’s… • In 1972, the Equal Rights Amendment passes Congress but fails to be ratified by the required number of states. • In 1973, the Supreme Court hands down its ruling in Roe v. Wade, establishing a woman's right to safe and legal abortion and overriding the antiabortion laws of many states. • The 1975 Pregnancy and Discrimination Act prohibits discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions. It is an amendment to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In the 1980’s… In 1981, President Ronald Reagan nominates Sandra Day O'Connor to become the first woman to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court. As an associate justice, O’Connor becomes the crucial swing vote for many cases where the Court is split along ideological lines. Also, in 1981, President Reagan nominates Jeane Kirkpatrick as the first woman to serve as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations. In the 1990’s… • 1992 Women are now paid 71 cents for every dollar paid to men. The range is from 64 cents for workingclass women to 77 cents for professional women with doctorates. Black women earned 65 cents, Latinas 54 cents. • 1993 Take Our Daughters to Work Day debuts, designed to build girls self-esteem and open their eyes to a variety of careers. • 1996 US women's spectacular success in the Summer Olympics (19 gold medals, 10 silver, 9 bronze) is the result of large numbers of girls and women active in sports since the passage of Title IX. In the 2000’s… • In 2000, Hillary Rodham Clinton becomes the only First Lady ever elected to the United States Senate. • In 2005, Condoleezza Rice becomes the first AfricanAmerican woman appointed Secretary of State. • In 2007, Nancy Pelosi becomes the first woman Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives. In the 2000’s… • President Obama signed the Lily Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act, which allows victims of pay discrimination to file a complaint with the government against their employer within 180 days of their last paycheck. Previously, victims (most often women) were only allowed 180 days from the date of the first unfair paycheck. • This Act is named after a former employee of Goodyear who alleged that she was paid 15–40% less than her male counterparts, which was later found to be accurate. Here are some other influential women… Zainab Salbi is an Iraqi American writer, activist and social entrepreneur who is cofounder and president for Women for Women International. Luisa Capetillo (October 28, 1879 – October 10, 1922) was one of Puerto Rico's most famous labor organizers. She was also a writer and an anarchist who fought for workers and women's rights. Alice Y. Hom is a community builder and educator who works on the intersections of race, gender, and sexuality and bridges academic issues with community based activism. bell hooks is an American author, feminist, and social activist. Her writing has focused on the interconnectivity of race, class, and gender and their ability to produce and perpetuate systems of oppression and domination. Keep in mind… • This workshop only outlines a brief look of the roles, experiences and history of women in this country. From music to film to literature to politics, the contributions that women have made in the United States have helped shape the country into what it is today. Women’s History is all of our history. Thanks for attending! You’re almost done… Please complete the quiz in its entirety to receive credit for attendance. The survey/quiz can be found here or copy and paste this link into your browser. http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/MZX8MCP