Download 20th Century U.S. Foreign Policy

Franklin Roosevelt (1933-1945)
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Good Neighbor Policy
World War II
Manhattan Project
United Nations
Good Neighbor Policy
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Determined to improve relations
with the nations of Central and
South America
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Declaration favored by most
nations of the Western
Hemisphere: "No state has the right
to intervene in the internal or
external affairs of another”
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Attempt to distance the United
States from earlier interventionist
policies, such as the Roosevelt
Corollary and military
interventions in the region during
the 1910s and 1920s.
http://www.state.gov
World War II
(1939 – 1945)
• International conflict principally
between the Axis Powers
(Germany, Italy, and Japan) and the
Allied Powers (France, Britain, the
U.S., the Soviet Union, and China.)
• Pearl Harbor
• European Invasion
• Pacific Front
• Manhattan Project
http://www.history.com/media.do?id=v2t10&action=clip
http://www.history.com/media.d
o?action=clip&id=d1t30
(Einstein)
Manhattan Project
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In 1939, the Nazis were
rumored to be developing an
atomic bomb.
The United States initiated its
own program under the Army
Corps of Engineers in June
1942. America needed to build
an atomic weapon before
Germany or Japan did.
http://www.history.com/media.do?actio
n=clip&id=tdih_0716 (atomic bomb)
United Nations
The United Nations is central to global
efforts to solve problems that
challenge humanity.
The United Nations works to promote
respect for human rights, protect the
environment, fight disease and
reduce poverty. UN agencies define
the standards for safe and efficient
air travel and help improve
telecommunications and enhance
consumer protection.
The United Nations leads the
international campaigns against drug
trafficking and terrorism.
Throughout the world, the UN and its
agencies assist refugees, set up
programs to clear landmines, help
expand food production and lead the
fight against AIDS.
http://www.un.org
http://www.history.com
/media.do?action=clip
&id=speech_286
Harry S. Truman (1945-1953)
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Hiroshima/Nagasaki
Truman Doctrine
The State of Israel
Marshall Plan
Berlin Airlift
Korean Conflict (War)
China (no recognition)
Creation of NATO
The point of total vaporization from the
blast measured one half of a mile in
diameter. Total destruction ranged at
one mile in diameter. Severe blast
damage carried as far as two miles in
diameter. At two and a half miles,
everything flammable in the area
burned. The remaining area of the blast
zone was riddled with serious blazes
that stretched out to the final edge at a
little over three miles in diameter.
66,000 people were killed and 69,000
people were injured by a 10 kiloton
atomic explosion.
Nagasaki's population dropped in one
split-second from 422,000 to 383,000.
39,000 were killed, over 25,000 were
injured.
http://www.history.com/media.do?id=m
f1_atomicbombings_63&action=clip
(hiroshima video clip)
Hiroshima/Nagasaki
Atomic Catastrophe
Truman Doctrine
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After the catastrophe of WWII, Great
Britain could no longer provide
financial aid to the governments of
Greece and Turkey
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President Harry S. Truman asked for
$400 million in military and economic
assistance for Greece and Turkey and
established a doctrine, aptly
characterized the Truman Doctrine, that
would guide U.S. diplomacy for the
next forty years. President Truman
declared, "It must be the policy of the
United States to support free peoples
who are resisting attempted subjugation
by armed minorities or by outside
pressures."
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Truman Doctrine signaled America's
post war embrace of global leadership
and ended its longstanding policy of
isolationism.
http://www.trumanlibrary.org
The primary plan of the
United States for
rebuilding and creating a
stronger foundation for
the allied countries of
Europe, and repelling
communism after World
War II.
Give $ to stop the spread of
communism
Marshall Plan
Creation of Israel
DECEMBER 1917
British conquest of Palestine
APRIL 1920
British Mandate over Palestine
issued
NOVEMBER 1947
United Nations votes to partition
Palestine into independent Jewish
and Arab states
MAY 1947
Creation of the State of Israel; U.S.
and Soviet Union extend
recognition; Creation of Israel
Defense Forces
www.adl.org
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Berlin Airlift
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The city of Berlin, although located in the
eastern Soviet half, was also divided into four
sectors --West Berlin occupied by Allied
interests and East Berlin occupied by Soviets.
In June 1948, the Soviet Union attempted to
control all of Berlin by cutting surface traffic
to and from the city of West Berlin. Starving
out the population and cutting off their
business was their method of gaining control.
The Truman administration reacted with a
continual daily airlift which brought much
needed food and supplies into the city of
West Berlin. This Airbridge to Berlin lasted
until the end of September of 1949---although
on May 12, 1949, the Soviet government
yielded and lifted the blockade.
www.tumanlibrary.org
Chinese Revolution (1949)
• China became
communist and the
nationalists fled to
Taiwan.
• Truman did NOT
recognize The
People’s Republic of
China because it was
COMMUNIST
NATO North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
Establishes a system of collective
security whereby its member states
agree to mutual defense in response to
an attack by any external party.
http://www.nato.int/
Dwight Eisenhower (1953-1961)
• Korean Conflict
• USSR Arms Race
• Hydrogen Bomb
Korean War
• Conflict to stop the spread
of communism
• 1951-1953
• Stalemate (No change)
• “War” between China
(North Korea) and the
United States (South
Korea)
Arms Race
Competition between
USA and USSR to
build the most nuclear
weapons (Atomic,
Hydrogen, etc.
Hydrogen Bomb
John F. Kennedy (1961-1963)
• Bay of Pigs Invasion
• Cuban Missile Crisis
• Vietnam
Bay of Pigs Invasion
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In 1961, the United States launched
an attack on Cuba meant to
overthrow Castro's government.
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Though the aid and training given
to the Cuban exiles was substantial,
they suffered total defeat and
created a humiliating situation for
the United States.
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In the end, the attack only
increased Cubans' support of Fidel
Castro.
historyofcuba.com
Cuban Missile Crisis
• Almost World War III
• 13 Days
Vietnam
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In May 1961, President Kennedy
sent 500 more American advisers
to Vietnam, bringing American
forces to 1,400 men.
The leader of South Vietnam,
Diem, attacked Buddhist
communities, etc.
Kennedy agreed for the CIA to
assist in a South Vietnamese army
coup against Diem.
On November 2, 1963, Diem was
assassinated.
jfklibrary.org
Lyndon B. Johnson (1963-1969)
• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
• Vietnam War
Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
Started the Vietnam
War
Johnson said that North
Vietnamese attacked
US planes
He lied to escalate the
conflict into a war
To justify a defensive
war
http://www.history.com/media.do?
action=clip&id=hf_gulf_of_tonkin
_broadband
•1965-1973
Vietnam War•Only War US Lost
•Did not stop the spread of communism
Richard Nixon (1969-1974)
http://www.history.com/media.do?action=clip&id=tdih
_mar29_broadband(ending war)
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http://www.history.com/media.do?action=clip&id=tdih_mar29_br
oadband (End of Vietnam)
Vietnam
Chinese recognition
SALT
“Vietnamization”
Laos/Cambodia
Indo-Pakistan War
Détente
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The plan was to encourage the South Vietnamese to take more
responsibility for fighting the war. It was hoped that this policy would
eventually enable the United States to withdraw gradually all their soldiers
from Vietnam. (madman theory/Phoenix program)
Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk
Vietnamization
Détente
Arms limitation, relative
security, linkage of
issues, building block
approach
Kissinger (Secretary of
State) believed "peace
was not a universal
realization of one
nation's desires, but a
general acceptance of
a concept of
international order."
wikipedia.org
Indo-Pakistan War of 1971
India V. Pakistan over what is now
Bangladesh
US backed Pakistan (hoping to keep
USSR out of the region)
The war ended in a crushing defeat for
the Pakistani military in just a
fortnight.
US backed Pakistan because of the fear
of USSR
France/Britain supported India and
Bangladesh rebels
Gerald Ford (1974-1977)
• Fall of Saigon (Vietnam)
• End of Vietnam War
• Helsinki Accords
http://www.history.com/media.do?action=listing&sort
By=1&sortOrder=A&topic=GREAT%20SPEECHES
(Ford pardons Nixon)
Helsinki Accords
Representatives of thirty-five nations gathered in Helsinki, Finland, in 1975 for a Conference
on Security and Cooperation in Europe. The Final Act of the Conference, known as the
Helsinki Accords, sets forth a number of basic human rights:
"The participating States will respect human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the
freedom of thought, conscience, religion or belief, for all without distinction as to race, sex,
language, or religion.
"They will promote and encourage the effective exercise of civil, political, economic, social,
cultural, and other rights and freedoms all of which derive from the inherent dignity of the
human person and are essential for his free and full development.
"Within this framework the participating States will recognize and respect the freedom of the
individual to profess and practice, alone or in community with others, religion or belief acting
in accordance with the dictates of his own conscience.
"The participating States on whose territory national minorities exist will respect the right of
persons belonging to such minorities to equality before the law, will afford them the full
opportunity for the actual enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms and will, in
this manner, protect their legitimate interests in this sphere.
"The participating States recognize the universal significance of human rights and
fundamental freedoms, respect for which is an essential factor for the peace, justice and wellbeing necessary to ensure the development of friendly relations and co-operation among
themselves as among all States."
Fall of Saigon
The fall of the city was preceded by
the evacuation or flight of almost
all the Americans in Saigon, along
with tens of thousands of South
Vietnamese. The evacuation
culminated in Operation Frequent
Wind, the largest helicopter
evacuation in history.
SALT
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty
SALT I, the first series of
Strategic Arms Limitation
Talks, extended from
November 1969 to May 1972
Jimmy Carter (1977-1981)
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Arab-Israeli Conflict
Camp David Accords
SALT II
Afghanistan
Iranian Hostage Crisis
http://www.history.com/media.do?acti
on=clip&id=tdih_mar26_broadband
Camp David Accords
Egypt, Israel and United States negotiate a
cease-fire peace treaty for the Middle
East
Three parts.
1.
Framework for negotiations to
establish an autonomous selfgoverning authority in the West Bank
and the Gaza strip and to fully
implement SC 242.
2.
The second agreement outlined a basis
for the peace treaty 6 months later, in
particular deciding the future of the
Sinai peninsula. Israel agreed to
withdraw its armed forces from the
Sinai, evacuate its 4,500 civilian
inhabitants, and restore it to Egypt in
return for normal diplomatic relations
with Egypt, guarantees of freedom of
passage through the Suez Canal and
other nearby waterways (such as the
Straits of Tiran), and a restriction on
the forces Egypt could place on the
Sinai peninsula, especially within 2040 km from Israel. Israel also agreed
to limit its forces a smaller distance (3
AFGHANISTAN WAR
1978–92, conflict between anti-Communist Muslim Afghan guerrillas (mujahidin) and Afghan government and Soviet forces.
The conflict had its origins in the 1978 coup that overthrew Afghan president Sardar Muhammad Daud Khan, who had come
to power by ousting the king in 1973. The president was assassinated and a pro-Soviet Communist government under Noor
Mohammed Taraki was established. In 1979 another coup, which brought Hafizullah Amin to power, provoked an invasion
(Dec., 1979) by Soviet forces and the installation of Babrak Karmal as president.
The Soviet invasion, which sparked Afghan resistance, intially involved an estimated 30,000 troops, a force that ultimately
grew to 100,000. The mujahidin were supported by aid from the United States, China, and Saudi Arabia, channeled through
Pakistan, and from Iran. Although the USSR had superior weapons and complete air control, the rebels successfully eluded
them. The conflict largely settled into a stalemate, with Soviet and government forces controlling the urban areas, and the
Afghan guerrillas operating fairly freely in mountainous rural regions. As the war progressed, the rebels improved their
organization and tactics and began using imported and captured weapons, including U.S. antiaircraft missiles, to neutralize
the technological advantages of the USSR.
In 1986, Karmal resigned and Mohammad Najibullah became h
ead of a collective leadership. In Feb., 1988, President Mikhail Gorbachev announced the withdrawal of USSR troops, which
was completed one year later. Soviet citizens had become increasingly discontented with the war, which dragged on without
success but with continuing casualties. In the spring of 1992, Najibullah's government collapsed and, after 14 years of rule
by the People's Democratic party, Kabul fell to a coalition of mujahidin under the military leadership of Ahmed Shah
Massoud.
The war left Afghanistan with severe political, economic, and ecological problems. More than 1 million Afghans died in the
war and 5 million became refugees in neighboring countries. In addition, 15,000 Soviet soldiers were killed and 37,000
wounded. Economic production was drastically curtailed, and much of the land laid waste. At the end of the war more than 5
million mines saturated approximately 2% of the country, where they will pose a threat to human and animal life well into the
21st cent. The disparate guerrilla forces that had triumphed proved unable to unite, and Afghanistan became divided into
spheres of control. These political divisions set the stage for the rise of the Taliban later in the decade.
Aided Afghanistan in liberation from USSR
CIA provided training and support to rebel
fighters (Osama, etc.)
SALT II
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Iranian Hostage Crisis
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On November 4, 1979, Iranian militants
stormed the United States Embassy in
Tehran and took approximately 70
Americans captive.
• This terrorist act triggered the most
profound crisis of the Carter presidency
and began a personal ordeal for Jimmy
Carter and the American people that
lasted 444 days.
Reasons:
1. The U.S. allowed the past Shah to come
to America for cancer treatment
• The exiled Ayatollah Khomeini
returned to Tehran in February 1979
and whipped popular discontent into
rabid anti-Americanism.
• Iranian militants to attack the U.S. On
November 4, the American Embassy in
Tehran was overrun and its employees
taken captive.
jimmycarterlibrary.org
Ronald Reagan (1981-1989)
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Arms Race
Glasnost
SDI
Iran-Contra Affair
End of Cold War
Fall of Berlin Wall
Arms Race
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After SALT and SALT II, the United States returned to rearmament and tried to restart the arms race
through the production of new weapons and anti-weapons systems. The central part of this strategy
was the Strategic Defense Initiative, a space based anti-ballistic missile system derided as "Star Wars"
by its critics.
Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)
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SDI’s focus was to use ground-based
and space-based systems to protect the
United States from attack by strategic
nuclear ballistic missiles.
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An early focus of the project was to be
a curtain of X-ray lasers powered by
nuclear explosions. The curtain was to
be deployed, first by a series of missiles
launched from submarines during the
critical seconds following a Soviet
attack, then later by satellites and
powered by nuclear warheads built into
the satellites
In theory, the energy from the warhead
detonation was to pump a series of laser
emitters in the missiles or satellites and
produce an impenetrable barrier to
incoming warheads.
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Glasnost
A Russian word for "transparency"
or "openness." Mikhail Gorbachev
used the term to describe a program
of reform introduced to the Soviet
Union in 1985 whose goals
included combating corruption and
the abuse of privilege by the
political classes. In the broadest
sense, it aimed to liberalize
freedom of the press gradually, and
to allow for freedom of dissent.
Iran-Contra Affair
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Illegally sell arms to Iran,an
avowed enemy, and used the
proceeds to fund, also illegally, the
Contras, a right-wing guerrilla
organization in Nicaragua.
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After the arms sales were revealed
in November 1986, President
Ronald Reagan appeared on
national television and denied that
they had occurred. However, a
week later, he returned to the
airwaves to affirm that weapons
were indeed transferred to Iran. He
denied that they were part of an
exchange for hostages.
Fall of Berlin Wall
End of Cold War
On the 9th of November, 1989, the
Border separating Western from
Eastern Germany was effectively
opened
The Fall of the Berlin Wall will always be
used as a symbol for the end of the Cold War
George H.W. Bush (1989-1993)
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Invasion of Panama
Persian Gulf War
Soviet Union Break-up
NAFTA
Invasion of Panama
Bush Speech, 1989
1. Safeguarding the lives of U.S. citizens in
Panama. In his statement, Bush claimed that
Noriega had declared that a state of war
existed between the United States and
Panama and that he also threatened the lives
of the approximately 35,000 Americans
living there. There had been numerous
clashes between U.S. and Panamanian forces;
one American had been killed a few days
earlier and several incidents of harassment of
Americans had taken place.
2. Defending democracy and human rights in
Panama. Earlier that year Noriega had
nullified presidential elections that had been
won by candidates from opposition parties.
3. Combating drug trafficking. Panama had
become a center for drug money laundering
and a transit point for drug trafficking to the
United States and Europe. Noriega had been
singled out for direct involvement in these
drug trafficking operations.
4. Protecting the integrity of the TorrijosCarte Treaties. Members of Congress and
others in the U.S. political establishment
claimed that Noriega threatened the neutrality
of the Panama Canal and that the United
States had the right under the treaties to
intervene militarily to protect the canal.
(August 1990–February 1991)
A conflict between Iraq and a
coalition force of approximately 30
nations led by the United States and
mandated by the United Nations in
order to liberate Kuwait.
Persian Gulf War
Soviet Break-up
NAFTA
North Atlantic Free
Trade Agreement
William Jefferson Clinton
(1993-2001)
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Rwanda
Somalia
Bosnia/Kosovo
Haiti
Palestine/Israel
North Korea
Cuban Refugee policy
Osama Bin Laden (WTC)
African Issues
Somalia/Rwanda
Former Yugoslavia…
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Cuban Refugee Policy
1995 now supports Fidel
Castro’s initial policy
World Trade Center (Osama)
February 26, 1993
• A car bomb was detonated by Middle
Eastern terrorists in the underground
parking garage below Tower One of the
World Trade Center in New York City.
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The 1,500-lb (680Kg) urea nitrate-fuel
oil device killed six and injured 1,042
people. It was intended to devastate the
foundation of the North Tower, causing
it to collapse onto its twin.
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The attack was planned by a group of
conspirators. They received financing
from an al-Qaeda member Khaled
Shaikh Mohammed, one of the
conspirator’s uncle.
George W. Bush (2001-2009)
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9/11
Afghanistan
Iraq
North Korea
Axis of Evil (5)
September 11, 2001
War on Terror
2002 State of the Union Address
[Our goal] is to prevent regimes that sponsor terror from threatening America or our friends and allies
with weapons of mass destruction. Some of these regimes have been pretty quiet since September the
11th. But we know their true nature. North Korea is a regime arming with missiles and weapons of
mass destruction, while starving its citizens.
Iran aggressively pursues these weapons and exports terror, while an unelected few repress the Iranian
people's hope for freedom.
Iraq continues to flaunt its hostility toward America and to support terror. The Iraqi regime has plotted
to develop anthrax, and nerve gas, and nuclear weapons for over a decade. This is a regime that has
already used poison gas to murder thousands of its own citizens—leaving the bodies of mothers
huddled over their dead children. This is a regime that agreed to international inspections—then kicked
out the inspectors. This is a regime that has something to hide from the civilized world.
States like these, and their terrorist allies, constitute an axis of evil, arming to threaten the peace of the
world. By seeking weapons of mass destruction, these regimes pose a grave and growing danger. They
could provide these arms to terrorists, giving them the means to match their hatred. They could attack
our allies or attempt to blackmail the United States. In any of these cases, the price of indifference
would be catastrophic.
– George W. Bush, 2002 State of the Union Address
Axis of Evil ??
President Obama (2009 - present)
• Osama Bin Laden
• End War in Iraq
• End War in
Afghanistan
• N.Korea
• Iran sanctions
Osama Bin Laden
U.S. formally declares end of Iraq
War
• BAGHDAD – The war in Iraq
ended officially Thursday with a
flag-lowering ceremony in which
Defense Secretary Leon Panetta
said a free, democratic Iraq was
worth the sacrifice in American
lives.
• "The cost was high — in blood
and treasure for the United States
and also for the Iraqi people,"
Panetta said. "But those lives
have not been lost in vain."
War in Afghanistan