Download THE COLD WAR

What is the
Cold War and
when does it
begin?
COLD WAR
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The competition between the U.S. and
the Soviet Union for power and
influence in the world after WWII
Characterized by political and
economic conflict along with military
tension
It was “cold” because there was no
direct military conflict between the
two nations.
What are the
conditions in
Europe when
WWII ends?
What is Stalin’s
greatest
concern or fear
in Europe?
The Division of Germany
Soviet Zone
in far eastern
Germany
British, French
and American
zones
Capital: Berlin.
Also divided
into 4 zones
UNITED NATIONS

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An international peacekeeping
organization
Formed after WWII in 1945
Purpose:
– help settle disputes among member nations
– prevent wars from starting
– take actions to end wars that did start.
UNITED NATIONS
UN General
Assembly
UN Headquarters
in New York City
UN Flag
SOVIET UNION

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
A union of countries under one
Communist government – the Union
of Soviet Socialist Republics
After WW II Russia annexed Estonia,
Latvia, and Lithuania (parts of old
Russia)
They also were ceded parts of
Finland, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and
Romania
SOVIET UNION
Soviet “Buffer” States

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Satellite countries – not part of
the USSR, but Communist and
controlled by the Kremlin
Also known as the Soviet Bloc
Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria,
Romania, Czechoslovakia,
Yugoslavia and Albania
TRUMAN DOCTRINE


1947 – Great Britain announced that it
could no longer afford to support
Greece and Turkey in their struggle
against Communist revolution.
President Truman spoke to Congress
saying the U.S. would take the leading
role in fighting the spread of
Communism.
CONTAINMENT
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A political policy of preventing the
spread of Communism
American leaders believed that
communism would die out on its own
if it did not spread.
This would be the cornerstone of
American foreign policy for over 50
years.
Leads to our involvement in the
Korean War and Vietnam War
Video 4: Containment
MARSHALL PLAN

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1947 – Proposed by Secretary of
State George Marshall
A program of economic assistance
to help rebuild the economies of
western Europe after WWII
The U.S. could contain communism,
win allies, create new democracies,
and new markets for American
goods.
Marshall Plan Aid to Western Europe
Who is “He” in
this political
cartoon?
NATO

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1949
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
12 original nations - U.S., Canada, Britain,
France, Belgium, Denmark, Iceland, Italy,
and others
An “association of democratic peaceloving nations”
“An armed attack against one or more of
them . . . shall be considered an attack
against them all.”
WARSAW PACT

Soviet Union responded to
NATO by forming a military
alliance with its satellite
nations in Eastern Europe.
NATO and
Warsaw
Pact
Nations
The Division of Germany
1949
In 1948
West Germany
formed from
the British,
French and
American
zones
East Germany
formed under
Soviet
Communist
Control
Capital: Berlin.
Also divided
into east and
west.
WEST GERMANY


Germany remained divided into
four zones after WWII occupied
by England, France, U.S. and the
Soviet Union.
In 1948, England, France and the
U.S. combined their zones into a
single democratic nation, the
Federal Republic of Germany
EAST GERMANY

1949 - Soviet Union formed a
Communist nation, the German
Democratic Republic (GDR).
The Division of Berlin
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Berlin, the capital city, was
located in East Germany.
It was divided in half also.
East Berlin was under Soviet
communist control.
West Berlin was free and
democratic.
BERLIN BLOCKADE
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The Soviets were opposed to
Marshall Plan aid to West
Germany.
June 1948 Soviets blocked all
land shipments of food and other
needed supplies to 2.5 million
inhabitants of West Berlin.
continued
BERLIN BLOCKADE
Truman did not want to risk a
war with the Soviets by using
military force.
 Truman organized an airlift to
fly supplies into West Berlin

BERLIN BLOCKADE
West Berlin was
non-communist,
but it was
surrounded
entirely by
Soviet territory.
Nothing/Nobody
went in or out
over land.
East Berlin
was under
communist
control.
The Berlin
Wall ran
through the
center of the
city, dividing
east from
west.
200,000 flights brought food to West Berliners
BERLIN AIRLIFT
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American and British pilots
300 days
200,000 flights
13,000 tons of goods daily
Total of 1.5 million tons of goods
Soviets gave up the blockade in
May 1949
KOREA
THE KOREAN “CONFLICT”
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At the end of World War II, Japan
surrendered its control of Korea
to the Allies
Forces north of the 38th parallel
were surrendered to the Soviets
Forces south of the 38th parallel
were surrendered to the
Americans
continued
THE KOREAN “CONFLICT”

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A Communist regime was
established in the north
A pro-American government
formed in the south
1949 – all occupying forces left
both regions
continued
THE KOREAN “CONFLICT”

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1950 – North Korean troops
invaded South Korea in an
attempt to reunite the two
countries under Communism
The United Nations branded the
invasion an act of aggression and
called on member nations to
defend South Korea
continued
North and
South Korea
38th
Parallel
THE KOREAN “CONFLICT”
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President Truman assumed that
the invasion had been planned
and backed by the Soviets
Truman ordered American air and
naval support for South Korea
Congress never formally declared
war on North Korea
continued
THE KOREAN “CONFLICT”
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General Douglas MacArthur
commanded the American troops in
Korea
Nov. 1950 - He launched an
offensive plan to drive the N.
Korean forces all the way across the
Chinese border
Chinese forces pushed the South
Koreans back to the 38th parallel
continued
THE KOREAN “CONFLICT”
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MacArthur insisted that American
forces lead an attack against the
China mainland
Truman would not agree
MacArthur was relieved of his
command in April 1951
The war continued 2 more years
End of the Korean Conflict
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Dwight D. Eisenhower is elected
in 1952
He threatens to use atomic
weapons and peace talks between
North and South make progress
1953 – Truce is signed leaving the
country divided at about the 38th
parallel
The 38th Parallel
The border between N. and S. Korea. Peace talks between
the two take place in the blue buildings. The tables cross
the border and each side sits on their own territory.
KOREA TODAY
North Korea is still a Communist
nation and a threat to world peace;
as far as they are concerned, the
war is not over.
Dwight D.
Eisenhower
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World War II General
President 1953 - 1961
Republican
New York
Continued policies of
containment
Concluded the Korean
conflict
Kim Jong II
Dictator of North
Korea
.
THE ARMS RACE
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A struggle to gain weapons
superiority
Sept. 1949 – Soviets tested their
first atomic weapon
1950 – U.S. began developing a
thermonuclear hydrogen bomb
1952 – U.S. tested the “H Bomb”
continued
THE ARMS RACE
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1953 – USSR tested the “H Bomb”
1954 to 1958 – U.S. tested 19
hydrogen bombs in the Pacific
1 hydrogen bomb had the
destructive force of 750 atom bombs
ICBMs
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Intercontinental
ballistic missiles
Developed by the
USSR
Long range
rockets designed
to carry H bombs
to their targets
MILITARY INDUSTRIAL
COMPLEX
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U.S. became permanently
mobilized – over 1 million troops
around the world
Military spending ½ federal
budget by 1960
Military, science, and industry
became linked in create new
weapons technology and
employing 3.5 million Americans
Military spending today
What were the social
ramifications of the Cold
War goal of “containing”
Communism
TRUMAN’S LOYALTY PROGRAM
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1947
Loyalty Review Board –
– Created a list of 90 “disloyal”
organizations
– Conducted security investigations of
over 3 million federal employees
– 3000 resigned or were dismissed
without formal indictment of a crime
States required “loyalty oaths” of state
employees and teachers
HUAC
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House Un-American Activities
Committee (Congressional)
Established 1938
1947 - Held hearings to
investigate Communist infiltration
of government agencies and the
Hollywood movie industry
THE HOLLYWOOD TEN
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1947 - HUAC called several Hollywood
writers, directors, actors, and
producers to testify
10 of them refused to answer
questions (5th Amendment right)
Cited for “contempt of Congress” and
sentenced to jail terms
Studios began compiling blacklists of
persons who should not be hired
Producers stopped making movies
about social issues that seemed
controversial
THE ROSENBERGS
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Julius and Ethel
Members of the Communist Party
1950 - Accused of passing atomic
secrets to the Soviets during
World War II
Convicted of espionage and
treason
Electrocuted in 1953
Ethel and
Julius
Rosenberg
He was
guilty.
She was
probably
not.
The Orphaned Rosenberg Boys
Robert, 6
Michael, 10
McCARTHYISM
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Joseph McCarthy, Republican
Senator from Wisconsin
1950 - Launched a campaign to find
and expel all Communists from U.S.
Government jobs
Senate hearings called hundreds of
individuals to testify about their
connections to the Communist Party
continued
McCARTHYISM
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He accused George Marshall (former
Sec of State) of being part of “a
conspiracy so immense and an infamy
so black as to dwarf any previous
venture in the history of man.”
1954 – He accused the U.S. Army of
being full of Communists
Army-McCarthy hearings were
televised from April to June of 1954
Are you now, or
have you ever
been, a member of
the Communist
Party?
Joseph McCarthy
Communist
Hunter
SPUTNIK I
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1957
Launched by Soviets
1st satellite launched into orbit
It showed that the U.S. was no
longer ahead in aeronautical
technology
Started the “space race”
Model of
Sputnik I
The last remaining
piece of Sputnik I
on display in the
National Air and
Space Museum.
NATIONAL DEFENSE
EDUCATION ACT
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1958 –
To compete with the Communists
scientific advances
Congress approved more money to
improve schools and required students
to complete more math and science
courses.
Provided low-cost loans to college
students
NASA

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Created by U.S. Government in
1958
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
An independent agency for space
exploration
Space Race Heroes
Yuri Gagarin—First
man in space
John Glenn—First
American to orbit the
Earth
Neil Armstrong—First
man to walk on the
moon
Project Mercury

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1958 – 1963
Launched the first Americans into
space
Goal was to orbit a manned
spacecraft around the Earth,
investigate a human's ability to
survive and function in space, and
safely return both pilot and craft.
Original 7 Astronauts of Project Mercury (1958-1963)
Alan
Shepard
John
Glenn
The original
7 Mercury
Astronauts
in their
space man
suits
The nickel alloy and titanium capsule is small. John Glenn
said, “You don't get into it, you put it on." Yet its operating
systems are so sophisticated that the capsule holds seven
miles of electrical wire.
The Mercury
Capsule
John Glenn and President Kennedy, 1962
Apollo 11 – First Lunar Landing, 1969
Apollo 11 Lunar Lander, “The Eagle”
12 Men Who Walked on the Moon
John F. Kennedy
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1961-1963
Democrat
Massachusetts
Youngest man
ever elected (44
years old)
First Catholic
Nikita
Khrushchev
General
Secretary of
the Communist
Party in the
Soviet Union
1953-1964
Fidel Castro (Cuba) and Nikita Khrushchev (USSR)
BAY OF PIGS
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Cuba had fallen to Communism and
was under the control of the Soviets.
Communist dictator of Cuba was Fidel
Castro
Before JFK’s election, the CIA
developed a plot to assassinate Castro
and overthrow the Communist regime
April of 1961
continued
BAY OF PIGS

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It was planned poorly and failed badly.
Kennedy said, “It made the US look
like fools to our friends, rascals to our
enemies, and incompetents to the
rest.”
JFK promised to be more responsible
in handling foreign affairs.
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS,
1962


October 14 - Aerial surveillance
revealed missiles in Cuba supplied
by the Soviets
October 22, JFK addressed the
nation on Soviet threat and
announced a “quarantine” of Cuba
continued
Missile Sites in Cuba, October 1962
Miami, Florida
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS
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October 23 - The USSR warned that US
actions could lead to a nuclear war.
October 27 - JFK and Khrushchev’s
agreed to avoid war
Soviets removed the missiles and US
ended the blockade - promising not to
invade Cuba.
continued
CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

The US agreed to remove all
missiles which we had in Turkey
within 6 months of the Soviets
being out of Cuba.