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UNIT 8
Chapter 26 – The Cold War
Chapter 29 – The Kennedy & Johnson Years
THE COLD WAR
Presidents of the United
States
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George Washington; Federalist (1788)
John Adams; Federalist (1796)
Thomas Jefferson (1800)
James Madison (1808)
James Monroe (1816)
John Quincy Adams (1824)
Andrew Jackson; Democrat (1828)
Martin Van Buren; Democrat (1836)
William Henry Harrison; Whig (1840)
John Tyler; Whig (1841)
James K. Polk; Democrat (1844)
Zachary Taylor; Whig (1848)
Millard Fillmore; Whig (1850)
Franklin Pierce; Democrat (1852)
James Buchanan; Democrat (1856)
Abraham Lincoln; Republican (1860)
Andrew Johnson; Democrat (1865)
Ulysses S. Grant; Republican (1868)
Rutherford B. Hayes; Republican (1876)
James Garfield; Republican (1880)
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Chester A. Arthur; Republican (1881)
Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1884)
Benjamin Harrison; Republican (1888)
Grover Cleveland; Democrat (1892)
William McKinley; Republican (1896)
Theodore Roosevelt; Republican (1901)
William Howard Taft; Republican (1908)
Woodrow Wilson; Democrat (1912)
Warren G. Harding; Republican (1920)
Calvin Coolidge; Republican (1923)
Herbert Hoover; Republican (1928)
Franklin D. Roosevelt; Democrat (1932)
Harry S. Truman; Democrat (1945)
Dwight D. Eisenhower; Republican (1952)
John F. Kennedy; Democrat (1960)
Lyndon B. Johnson; Democrat (1963)
America: Pathways to the Present
Chapter 26: The Cold War (1945–1960)
Section 1: Origins of the Cold War
Section 2: The Cold War Heats Up
Section 3: The Korean War
Section 4: The Continuing Cold War
• CORE OBJECTIVE: Analyze the origins of the Cold
War and evaluate the presidential foreign
policies during the Cold War.
– Objective 8.1: How did the differing postwar goals of
the Soviet Union and the United States lead to the
Cold War?
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Objective 8.2: How did the goals of containment influence events in the late 1940’s?
Objective 8.3: Explain the Causes and effects of the Korean War.
Objective 8.4: Describe characteristics of the McCarthy Era.
Objective 8.5: Describe the domestic programs pursued by President Kennedy.
Objective 8.6: Describe the foreign policy Cold War crises that occurred during
Kennedy’s presidency.
– Objective 8.7: Explain the goals and effects of President Johnson’s domestic
programs.
CHAPTER 26 SECTION 1
ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR
The United States foreign policy changed slowly from
neutrality to strong support for the Allies and then to our
eventual entry into the war.
1945 — A Critical Year
 As the end of World War II approached, relations between the Communist Soviet
Union and its wartime allies, the United States and Great Britain, grew increasingly
tense.
 At a meeting at Yalta in February, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin agreed on the postwar
division of Germany but disagreed on the future of Poland.
 In April 1945, representatives of 50 countries, including the United States,
adopted the charter for the United Nations, an organization dedicated to
cooperation in solving international problems.
 On April 12, Roosevelt died unexpectedly, making Vice President Truman the new
President.
 Truman continued Roosevelt’s negotiations with Stalin at the Potsdam Conference in July.
 At Potsdam Conference (1945) Truman and Stalin disagree over the
future of Poland.
Conflicting Goals
American Goals
Soviet Goals
 Wanted conquered European nations to
 Wanted to rebuild Europe in ways that
experience the democracy and economic
opportunity that the United States had
fought for during the war
would help the Soviet Union recover from
the huge losses it suffered during the war
 Established satellite nations,
 Wanted to develop strong
capitalist democracies, which
would provide good markets
for American products
countries subject to Soviet
domination and sympathetic to
Soviet goals
 Wanted to spread communism
throughout the world
Soviets Tighten Their Hold
Communist Expansion in Eastern Europe
 Albania and Bulgaria: Communists secure control by silencing opposition in
Albania; Soviet troops seize Bulgaria.
 Czechoslovakia: Although it desperately tried to remain democratic,
Czechoslovakia became a Soviet satellite nation in 1948.
 Hungary and Romania: By arresting anti-Communist leaders in Hungary and
forcing the appointment of a Communist prime minister in Romania, Communists
achieved power in both nations.
 East Germany: To make sure Germany could not threaten his nation again, Stalin
established a totalitarian government, naming the state the German Democratic
Republic.
 Finland and Yugoslavia: Both countries maintained their independence from Soviet
control – Finland, by signing a treaty of cooperation, and Yugoslavia, by following
the leadership of Tito.
The Iron Curtain
Churchill coined
the phrase iron
curtain to
describe the
divisions between
Communist and
capitalist nations
in Europe.
Containment
 The competition between the United States and the Soviet Union
for world influence came to be known as the Cold War.
 The American policy of containment accepted the fact that Eastern Europe
was under Communist control, but sought to prevent Communist
governments from forming elsewhere in the world.
 The Truman Doctrine, which is a policy of containment, stated
that the United States would support free peoples who resist
attempted conquest.
 The Truman Doctrine was first applied in the cases of Greece and Turkey.
Origins of the Cold War—
Assessment
Which of these choices best describes the primary goal of the United States
for postwar Europe?
(A) Protect the Soviet Union from future invasion
(B) Build economically strong democracies
(C) Add more members to the United Nations
(D) Ensure further cooperation with Stalin
Which of these events directly inspired the Truman Doctrine?
(A) Soviet threats in Greece and Turkey
(B) The division of Germany into four zones
(C) The arrest of anti-Communist leaders in Hungary
(D) Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech
Origins of the Cold War—
Assessment
Which of these choices best describes the primary goal of the United States for
postwar Europe?
(A) Protect the Soviet Union from future invasion
(B) Build economically strong democracies
(C) Add more members to the United Nations
(D) Ensure further cooperation with Stalin
Which of these events directly inspired the Truman Doctrine?
(A) Soviet threats in Greece and Turkey
(B) The division of Germany into four zones
(C) The arrest of anti-Communist leaders in Hungary
(D) Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech
Vocabulary Assessment
Which one of these words would most accurately describe collective
security?
(A) Protect the Soviet Union from future invasion
(B) Build economically strong democracies
(C) Add more members to the United Nations
(D) Ensure further cooperation with Stalin
How was deterrence carried out during the Cold War?
(A) Soviet threats in Greece and Turkey
(B) The division of Germany into four zones
(C) The arrest of anti-Communist leaders in Hungary
(D) Churchill’s “iron curtain” speech