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Historiography of the causes of World War I wikipedia , lookup
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The Road to War Causes of World War I The Road to War Imperialism – Search for new colonies in – ____________________ - prime colonies – _______ - newcomer but colonized Korea, Taiwan, & parts of China – _______ – new but lacking in strength – __________ was the youngest country, and was trying to establish itself as an empire The Road to War Militarism Belief that Buildup of Military has a great deal of control over the Largely a product of the industrial revolution; as countries industrialized they began to see themselves as The Road to War Nationalism Defined simply as pride in one’s country _______________ to the ‘nth’ degree Countries acted solely in their own Pride in country centered around 1 ethnicity; other groups were inferior Groups that want their own country’s (Kurds) The Road to War Alliances – European powers that pledged – Took what should have been an isolated incident and expanded it into a Countries think they are invincible because of their alliances – The Road to War Balkan Peninsula 1908 The Road to War The spark that ignited the powder keg: Bosnia was a province of the AustrianHungarian empire Archduke Ferdinand visited Sarajevo on June 28, 1914 He was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip On July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia The Road to War ____________’s ally, Russia, prepares for war against Austria-Hungary ___________’s ally, France, follows suit _________________’s allies, Germany and the Ottoman Empire, declare war ____________ remains neutral until it is invaded by Germany. Then ____________ and its ally, the ________________, join with France The Road to War Central Powers - Germany, AustriaHungary, and later the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria Allied Powers - Serbia, Russia, France, Belgium, United Kingdom, and later Italy, Romania, Japan and the USA The Great War begins The _________________ Plan: The Great War Germany invaded Came within 30 miles of Offensive by French & British held them back at the ___________ warfare began in September of 1914 The Great War New weapons machine guns, poison gas, airplanes, Big Bertha and submarines made warfare deadlier than ever The Great War Germans reached a Russians invaded to their east - became a ________________ for the Germans Germans use _______________ to try to cut-off supplies and troop movements from the United Kingdom British __________________ the North Sea and created severe food shortages in Germany The Great War Offenses Verdun – German offensive Feb. 24, 1916 – Dec. 18, 1916 Germans used poison gas on the French No strategic gain for either side Casualties French German Total casualties - The Great War Somme – offensive by French/British forces July 1, 1916 to November 18,1916 Used tanks in battle (with little effect) Offensive ended with Allied Forces gaining a total of 18 kilometers Casualties British French Germans Total – The Great War America declares it ____________ and continues to trade with both sides 1/3 of the American population was made up of Irish immigrants side with the Central Powers Many Americans oppose warfare and militarism on principle and want to stay out of the war The Great War Gradually public opinion shifts toward the Allied Powers Propaganda plays a major role in this shift Business leaders pressured Congress to prepare for war to protect their trade and assets in the U.K. and France The United States Declares War “__________________” ended when the British began arming merchant ships Early in 1915 Germany advised Americans not to travel on British liners ________________ traveled from New York to the U.K. in May, 1915 with over 1200 passengers and miscellaneous cargo The United States Declares War German U-boat encountered the Lusitania in the Irish Sea Fired a torpedo and the Lusitania sank within a few minutes Over 1200 people, including 128 Americans, died German claimed the Lusitania was transporting weapons The United States Declares War Immediate demands were made to declare war on Germany President Wilson urged patience Germans War was averted in 1915 Wilson vowed in 1916 to stay out of the war The United States Declares War American industries continued to do business with the British _______________ were not very effective Cut off from _____________ by British blockade American banks lent _______________ millions of dollars during the war The United States Declares War Early in 1917 Germans reneged on their pledge and began Under pressure from the USA they made the ________________, again promising not to shoot on unarmed vessels Within weeks they again The United States Declares War The Russian Revolution began in February, 1917. Overthrew the monarchy and soldiers mutinied Allied position weakened – fighting shifted to the Western front USA had been reluctant to support Tsar Nicholas USA needed to protect their investment in the Allied Powers The United States Declares War _____________________ was intercepted and made public – Mexico was having their own problems – April 1916, ___________ had made a raid into New Mexico and killed 18 Americans – _______________ chased Pancho Villa around Mexico for over a year American army looked inept – The United States Declares War Note was intercepted by the British and turned over to the Americans in March, 1917 From German _____________________to __________________________to Mexico Proposed an alliance between Mexico and Germany In return for assistance in WWI, they would help Mexico The United States Declares War American bankers and industrialist pressured Wilson to declare war Russian Revolution put pressure on the Allies Zimmerman note angers US citizens Reneging of the Sussex Pledge built antiGerman sentiment On April 2, 1917 President Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against Germany. Congress quickly complied Americans on the European Front Americans on the European Front America needs time to prepare for war Americans on the European Front ___________________________ - May 1917 – Males age 21-30 required to register – By wars end, ______________ were actually drafted Thousands of women volunteered to serve as n ______________________ - commander of US troops in Europe Americans on the European Front 1917 Troops sent to basic training, then Europe Convoy system reduced losses American Expeditionary Force - called doughboys Americans on the European Front 1917-1918 Trench warfare continued in France Germany signed a ________________ with Russia in March, 1918 The Allied Powers struggled to hold the lines - Germans were within 37 miles of Paris (again) Americans on the European Front Aircraft were successfully utilized in World War I by both sides Dogfights, reconnaissance, and bombing raids Both sides had heroes – aces (5 confirmed kills) Americans on the European Front In ______________ the Americans entered the fighting in force By _________________ the Germans were in full retreat Americans on the European Front Troops were strictly segregated - African Americans, Latinos, and Indians served in separate units with ‘white’ officers – – – 369th infantry Ending the War Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire made a separate peace with the Allies Austrian-Hungarian Empires collapsed as Poles, Czechs, and Slovaks, declared independence Germans ordered their fleet in Kiel to leave and confront the British Instead, on October 29th they mutinied Kaiser fled to Holland on November 10th Armistice signed on Outbreak ___________ virus was introduced to Europe by ______________ in 1918 Within months, it spread around the world Virus – death from secondary infections Approximately 500,000 Americans and ______ million worldwide died from Influenza Final Tallies Americans lost 126,000 Russia, Germany, France, and AustriaHungary each lost over 1,000,000 British lost 900,000 Total killed is estimated at 8,500,000 killed in battle More died from disease and starvation during and after the war Genocide in Armenia – 1915 to 1918 “The Armenian Genocide, the first genocide of the 20th Century, occurred when two million Armenians living in Turkey were eliminated from their historic homeland through forced deportations and massacres.” (United Human Rights Council) Between 75 and 90% of their total population were killed Genocide in Armenia – October 7, 2007 “ANKARA, Turkey — Turkey, which is a key supply route to U.S. troops in Iraq, recalled its ambassador to the U.S. on Thursday and warned of serious repercussions if Congress labels the killing of Armenians by Turks a century ago as genocide.” (Torchia, Christopher; US News & World Reports) Lasting Effects Map of Europe was redrawn - entire countries disappeared and new ones emerged – See Treaty of Versailles in section 4 Americans on the Home Front Americans on the Home Front Mobilizing the nation Americans on the Home Front Financing the war: – raised 15 billion dollars directly from people Raised more than 20 billion dollars Propaganda posters related buying bonds to patriotism and/or saving our soldiers lives Americans on the Home Front War Industries Board allocated established asked production priorities business leaders to comply but threatened them with __________________their industry if they refused. most complied and made huge profits off of the wartime production. Americans on the Home Front Lever Food & Fuel Control Act - 1917 Food Administration guaranteed high prices to farmers asked Americans to voluntarily conserve meat and wheat Victory Gardens rationed meat, sugar, and other scarce products Fuel Administration asked Americans to conserve coal and oil closed factories due to coal shortages Forbid coal miners from going on strike Americans on the Home Front Enforcing Loyalty – – – Committee on Public Information Focus was propaganda for the war effort Movies and newspapers were censored Americans on the Home Front “Hate the Hun” Americans on the Home Front Suppressing • opposition _____________ (1917) – became a crime to utter, print, write, or publish....(anything negative about) the government, the flag, the military, the draft, war bonds, or the arms industry. Americans on the Home Front •______________ (1918) strengthened the Espionage Act •___________________ (1919) the supreme court upheld these acts because words could represent ____________ ______________________ in times of war Americans on the Home Front Over 1000 dissenters were imprisoned, including __________________ and members of the IWW Others were attacked by vigilantes and beaten or lynched Personal freedoms and the Bill of Rights were seen as secondary to the war effort Americans on the Home Front Social Mobility for Women & Minorities Great Migration – After the war, most remained in the north but struggled to keep their jobs Americans on the Home Front Social Mobility for Women & Minorities Over 400,000 women took care of the farms, ran small businesses, and worked in factories Global Peacemaker Treaty Of Versailles Armistice of November 11, 1918 simply ended the war _______________ - France, England, USA, and Italy - met in Paris in January 1919 to discuss the actual peace treaty President Wilson arrived with his ______________ for peace The other 3 were more interested in _______ Treaty Of Versailles Treaty was finally signed at Versailles in May of 1919 Germany admitted responsibility for the war. War _______________ due from Germany (32 billion) _______________ was formed Treaty Of Versailles _______________ became a DMZ, up to 31 miles past the Rhine _____________ occupied by the Allies for 15 years ________________ (a disputed territory between France and Germany) was returned to France __________ became independent German port of ___________ would be open to Poland Treaty Of Versailles ______________________ was created out of the Sudetenland and part of Austria-Hungary ________________ was created from Serbia, Bosnia-Herzogenia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia Germany’s military was disarmed Treaty Of Versailles Lost Africa colonies: to the League of Nations, to be administered by the British and French Asia to the League of Nations, to be administered by Australia, New Zealand, and Japan Treaty Of Versailles Germany’s new Republic would have democratic elections Re-established independent states of Treaty Of Versailles President Wilson agreed to the treaty, even though he opposed many of the provisions Treaties in the USA have to be ratified by the Senate The Senate refused to ratify the treaty They eventually wrote their own treaty declaring the war over Treaty Of Versailles President Wilson toured the USA trying to gain support for the League of Nations He had a stroke and was incapacitated September, 1919 - March, 1920 ____________ ran the country for over six months Other changes: _________________ was lost; Turkey is all that remains ____________________ was lost and the Soviet Union was born The War Finally Ends Americans were tired of European problems and wanted to remain isolated from future problems America entered the “roaring 20’s” soon after and put the war behind them In spite of American’s willingness to forget it, the world changed forever due to this war