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Standard: 7. Identify on a map places related to the historic events studied and explain their significance 10. Analyze how culture has contributed to cooperation and conflict within and between regions of the world 14. Demonstrate knowledge of the development of Imperialism 24. Explain the different methods countries use to resolve conflicts – Diplomacy – Treaties – Military involvement 37. Identify the relationships the United States has with major countries and how these affect foreign and economic policies America As A World Power Imperialism • Building an empire by founding colonies or conquering other nations Reasons for Imperialism • A source of raw materials and new markets • Reduced competition • A duty to spread religion and culture • Between 1870 and 1914, European nations controlled most of Africa and southern Asia Two Mindsets in America Isolationism Expansionism Isolationism Avoiding involvement in the affairs of other countries. “steer clear of permanent alliances” -- George Washington Expansionism America should press westward and extend its national boundaries. The United States is a “rising empire” -- George Washington Samoa • The United States, Germany, and Great Britain wanted control of Samoa • The United States and Germany split Samoa William Seward • 1867 – Persuaded Congress to annex Midway “Seward’s Folly” • 1867 - Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million – Twice the size of Texas, for two cents an acre • Many felt it foolish to buy such a barren land • Alaska was rich in timber, copper and gold • today it is an important source of petroleum and natural gas. Hawaii • 1820’s – the first American missionaries arrived • To convert Hawaiians to Christianity – They raised sugarcane • 1875 – signed a treaty to allow Hawaiian sugar to be shipped dutyfree to the U.S. • Later American planters arrived, built plantations, gained power • Forced the Hawaiian king to write a new Hawaiian constitution – Known as the Bayonet Constitution • Granted more power to the planters Queen Liliuokalani (lih lee oo oh kah LAH nee) • Resented the power of American planters • Proposed a new constitution – To return power to the monarchy • 1893 – The planters revolted – The Ambassador called for Marine protection – They toppled the Queen – Formed a new government • In 1898 Congress voted to annex the Hawaiian Islands “Our interference in the Hawaiian Revolution in 1893 was a disgrace… I am ashamed…” -- Grover Cleveland • Hawaii became a territory in 1900, then a state in 1959. America and Foreign Trade • We traded with Europe, China, and the Philippines. • For hundreds of years Japan had closed its doors • The U.S. wanted to open trade with Japan before Europeans arrived Matthew Perry • 1853 – Perry was sent to Japan by President Millard Fillmore • Japanese ordered him to leave Opening Trade with Japan • In 1845 Perry returned to Japan with seven warships • The presence of U.S. power persuaded Japanese officials to open trade with the U.S. Japan Becomes a World Power • 1894 to 1895 Japan defeated China in the Sino-Japanese War – Gained territory, trading privileges • 1904 - Japan attacked Russian forces in China • President Theodore Roosevelt helped negotiate a peace treaty to end the Russo Japanese war Spheres of Influence • Areas where foreign nations controlled resources • Germany, Great Britain, France, Japan, and Russia all took control of areas within China • The United States feared it would be barred from trading in China. Open Door Policy • Secretary of State John Hay urged an “Open Door Policy” in China – Any nation could trade in the “spheres of influence” of other nations The Boxer Rebellion • 1900 – Some Chinese (called Boxers) were opposed to foreign influence in China • They attacked foreigners in China • An international army • 200 foreigners entered China and were killed crushed the rebellion A New World Power • Some nations saw the rebellion as an excuse to seize more land • Hay urged China independence • Other nations agreed – The US gains influence in world affairs • Review – Pg 696 1a-c, 2a-c,3a-c Competition of Newspapers Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst • In fierce competition for readers Yellow Journalism Writing sensational stories, often biased or untrue, printed to sell newspapers Spanish American War • http://www.history.com/videos/r oosevelt-fights-in-spanishamerican-war#theconfederacys-last-stand Spain in the Caribbean • Spain controlled Cuba and Puerto Rico • 1868 - the Cubans rebelled – They burned sugar cane fields and mills, and moved ½ million Cubans into detention camps • 100,000 or more Cuban civilians died from starvation and disease Sinking of the Maine • Fighting broke out in Havana • McKinley sent the Maine to protect American Citizens • Feb. 15, 1898 – an explosion ripped through the ship killing 266 sailors and officers • The cause of the explosion remains a mystery • Joseph Pulitzer’s World • Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal War Fever Two American magazines compete to print stories blaming Spain “Remember the Maine” became a rallying cry for angry Americans President McKinley • Requested $50 million to prepare for war • Congress approved • April 20 – Congress declares Cuba independent – Demanded Spain to leave Teller Amendment • Stated that the United States had no interest in taking control of Cuba • Spain responded by declaring war on the United States On April 25, 1898 Congress declared war on Spain Spanish-American War • Lasted four months • Stretched to the Philippine Islands Philippines • Attention was focused on Cuba, but • Filipinos were also rebelling against Spanish rule • When war was declared Commodore George Dewey sailed to Manila, the Spanish naval base • At dawn he said, “You may fire when you are ready, Gridley.” • By noon, the Spanish fleet had been destroyed • U.S. troops with Filipino rebels led by Emilio Aguinaldo took control of Manila, Capital of the Philippines War in the Caribbean • The U.S. Army landed 280,000 troops in Cuba – Without enough rifles or bullets – With woolen uniforms (in a tropical climate) – 2,000 died of deadly diseases – 400 were killed in battle Theodore Roosevelt’s “Rough Riders” • A group of volunteer soldiers (Native Americans, college athletes, cowboys, miners, • Stories of their and ranchers) heroism reached America Santiago Bay • The Spanish Fleet was destroyed and Spain surrendered • American troops then landed on Spanish held Puerto Rico and claimed the island Peace Treaty • Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines are under U.S. control Anti-Imperialist League • A group that opposed the treaty and the creation of an American colonial empire – The treaty denied self government to the people living in the territories • John Hay: “It’s been a splendid little war.” • War veteran: “I was lucky – I survived.” Cuba • U.S. allowed Cuba to write their own constitution, but . . • Included the Platt Amendment – Limited Cuba’s right to make treaties – Allowed the U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs – Required Cuba to sell land to the U.S. • Guantanamo Bay Puerto Rico • The U.S. made the island a territory • Foraker Act of 1900 – Established a civil government in Puerto Ricans • 1917 – the Jones Act gave Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship • Another 30 years would pass before Puerto Ricans could elect their own governor Philippines • Spain surrendered the Philippines for $20 million • Filipino rebels had expected independence – They helped the U.S. forces to capture Manila • The U.S. decided to keep the islands Filipino War for Independence • Filipinos fought for their freedom, and lost • Ruled similar to Puerto Rico, but no citizenship • 1946 - U.S. allowed Filipinos to govern themselves • Review – Pg 702 1a&b, 2a&b Panama Canal • http://www.history.com/videos/g uts--bolts-panama-canal--locks#guts--bolts-panamacanal---locks President Theodore Roosevelt • Determined to build a canal through the Isthmus of Panama Building the Panama Canal • Between the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea • A trip from west to east would be 8,000 shorter • Would link naval fleets Revolution in Panama • The Isthmus of Panama was part of Columbia • Columbia wouldn’t lease • Panama revolted against Columbia and won – Became an independent country • Roosevelt sent Hay to negotiate with Panama and offer – $10 million in cash, plus – $250,000 a year rent Challenges in Building the Canal Challenges Solutions • Swamps – Drain swamps – Tropical diseases – Spray insecticide carried by and spread oil to mosquitoes kill mosquitoes • Malaria • Yellow fever • Tropical heat • Heavy rainfall More Challenges • 4,000 workers – Blasted through mountains • Widened the river and created the largest artificial lake in the world – Built up gigantic locks to raise and lower ships How a Canal Lock Works • http://gcaptain.com/miraflores-lock-panama-canaltimelapse-video/?2369 • http://www.haworth-village.org.uk/nature/how/canallock.asp Opening the Canal • The Panama Canal was finally opened to ships on August 15, 1914; it linked the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Benefits and Drawbacks • Ship goods cheaply to South America and Asia But . . . • Latin American nations were bitter about how the U.S. gained control of the canal Big Stick Diplomacy “Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.” -- Theodore Roosevelt • Meaning U.S. military force – to protect U.S. interests in Latin America Europe and Latin America • European banks made loans to Latin American countries • Some refused to pay the debt • Roosevelt wanted them to pay their debts, but – Did not want Europeans to intervene in Latin America – It would violate the Monroe Doctrine • Threaten U.S. power in the area Roosevelt Corollary • An addition to the Monroe Doctrine • Warned that in cases of “wrongdoing” by Latin American countries, the United States might exercise “international police power.” Dollar Diplomacy • Influencing governments through economic, not military, intervention • President William Howard Taft – “substitute dollars for bullets.” – Urged bankers to invest in Latin America Moral Diplomacy • Woodrow Wilson • The U.S. has a moral obligation to promote democracy in Latin America Mexico • America had invested $1 billion to develop mines, oil wells, railroads, and ranches • Most Mexicans were poor, which led to discontent Mexican Revolution • 1910 - Mexicans revolted against the harsh rule of dictator Porfirio Dias • 1914 - Wilson learned of a German ship bringing weapons to Mexico • Wilson ordered the navy to seize Veracruz Francisco “Pancho” Villa • Mexican rebel leader • Took 17 Americans off a train and shot them • Raided the town of Columbus, New Mexico, and killed 18 Americans General John J. Pershing • 1916 – Sent to Mexico with an army of thousands to capture Pancho Villa • Pershing failed • Wilson recalled the troops America’s New World Role • Kept troops and ships in Latin America and Asia • Had business interests around the world • Could no longer ignore the war in Europe that had raged since 1914 • Review – Pg 709 1a-c, 2a&b,3a&b • Next up … • Evaluation – Ch 22 test