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Anatomy Ch 1- An introduction Organization and Directional terms What do humans have in common with ALL living things? • Responsiveness- to stimuli – the environment either external or internal • Growth- in size, number or repair • Reproduction- create new organism • Movement-either internal or external • Metabolism What is Anatomy What is Physiology Muscle Physiology Respiration Physiology Anatomy has perspectives • Microscopic – Cytology – Histology • Macroscopic- or Gross Anatomy Levels of Organization The Hierarchy of Structural Organization Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.1 Organ Systems Integumentary System • Function: Protection from environmental hazards, temperature control • Organs – Epidermis – Dermis – Hair follicles – Sebaceous glands – Nails – Sensory receptors Organ Systems Skeletal System • Function: Support, protection of soft tissues, mineral storage, blood formation • Organs – Bones – Cartilage – Ligaments – Bone Marrow Organ System Muscular System • Function – Locomotion, support, heat production • Organs– Skeletal muscles – Smooth muscles – Cardiac muscles Organ Systems The Nervous System • Function – Directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems • Organs – Central Nervous system • Brain • Spinal cord – Peripheral Nervous system Organ Systems The Endocrine System • Function –Directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems • Organs – – – – – – – – Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Thymus Adrenal Kidneys Pancreas Gonads • Testes • ovaries Organ System Cardiovascular System • Function –Internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes and gases • Organs – Heart – Blood vessels • Arteries • Capillaries • Veins – Blood Organ Systems Lymphatic system • Function – Defense against infection and disease • Organs – Lymphatic vessels – Lymph nodes – Spleen – thymus Organ System The Respiratory System • Function-Delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood • Organs – – – – – – – – Nasal cavities Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs Alveoli Organ System Digestive System • Function- Processing of food and absorption of nutrients, minerals, vitamins and water • Organs – – – – – – – – – Salivary glands Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Liver Gallbladder Pancreas Large intestine Organ System The Urinary System • Function-Elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products • Organs – Kidneys – Ureters – Urinary Bladder – Urethra Organ System Female and Male Reproductive Systems • Function – Production of sex cells and hormones • Female Organs – Ovaries – Uterine Tubes – Uterus – Vagina – External Genitalia – Mammary glands • Male organs – Testes – Accessory organs • Epididymis • Ductus Deerens • Seminal vesicles – External Genitalia • Penis • Scrotum Homeostasis • Definition – the process of maintaining internal balance of a system – Processes of homeostasis • Negative feedback • Positive feedback Homeostasis, con’t –Necessary organs • Receptors • Effectors • Control center What is Disease? • When homeostasis FAILS – As a function of pathogens • Virus • Bacteria • Parasite • Fungus – As a function of accident Bubonic Plague Anatomical Positions • Supine • Prone Anatomical Regions Quadrants Body Cavities and Membranes • Dorsal body cavity – Cranial cavity – Vertebral cavity Body Cavities and Membranes • Ventral body cavity – Thoracic cavity – divided into three parts • Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity • Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac Body Cavities and Membranes • Ventral body cavity – Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts • Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs • Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum Other Body Cavities Orientation and Directional Terms Orientation and Directional Terms Orientation and Directional Terms Regional Terms and Activities Body Planes and Sections • Transverse plane – Runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 1.5 Banana sectioned into planes Great review web site • Try this quiz from animations- scroll down to “Anatomy” and watch animations, then take quizzes based on the animation