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Today: and CB 42.5 Mammals have two ciculatory circuits: pulmonary and systemic CB 42.9 Blood flows from arteries to capillaries to veins CB 42.11 Blood pressure changes as the blood moves from arteries to capillaries This change in pressure causes fluid to leak out of the capillaries CB 42.14 High pressure, Fluid forced out Interstitial fluid, Recovered by… Blood in vein, More viscous Not all of the fluid (~15%) is reabsorbed on the venous side. This interstitial fluid is collected by the lymphatic system. CB 42.14 Lymphatic system CB 43.5 Because of the low pressure in veins and lymph vessels, movement of these fluids comes from skeletal muscles movements. CB 42.10 The mammalian circulatory system is both open and closed CB 42.5 Nutrients, Waste, O2, CO2, Water, Minerals, etc must be transported throughout the body CB 42.27 Gases move by diffusion: Only from high to low concentration CB 42.28 Hb is carried inside red blood cells hemoglobin Hemoglobin (a protein) carries oxygen in the blood CB 42.23 The Respiratory System: large surface area to maximize gas exchange ~100m2 in humans CB 42.23 Gas exchange occurs in alveoli In the lungs, O2 diffuses into the blood, and CO2 diffuses out into the lungs. CB 42.27 How is oxygen delivered to where it is needed? By adjusting blood flow… CB 42.13 By changes in blood pH CB 42.30 Cell Cellular Respiration CB 42.30 Blood O2 Hb in RBC CO2 Low CO2 High O2 CO2 Hb in RBC O2 Lung Cell Cellular Respiration CO2 CB 42.30 Blood O2 Hb in RBC CO2+H2O =H2CO3 (carbonic acid) Low CO2 High O2 (less CO2 carbonic acid) Hb in RBC O2 Lung Cell Cellular Respiration CO2 CB 42.30 Blood Hb releases O2 O2 at lower pH CO2+H2O =H2CO3 (carbonic acid) Low CO2 High O2 CO2 (less carbonic acid) Hb can bind O2 O2 Lung I hope Pat likes my feathers because I am tired of dragging them around everywhere. 1 Which is male? 2 1 Which is male? 2 Female grizzly bears cannot reproduce while lactating. Therefore they can only reproduce every once every 3 years… …this leads to competition between males Sexual Dimporphism: differences between males and females 200 Average height/weight by sex in U.S. 180 160 140 120 male female 100 80 60 40 20 0 height (in.) weight (lbs.) 2.5 Ratio of Weight Male/Female 2 1.5 M/F 1 0.5 0 Grizzly Bear Gorilla Orangutan Bonobo Chimpanzee Human Bonobos Primates have different reproductive stratagies 2.5 Ratio of Weight Male/Female 2 1.5 M/F 1 0.5 0 Grizzly Bear Gorilla Orangutan Bonobo Chimpanzee Human Testicle size (oz) per body weight (lbs) Testes Compared to Overall Weight 0.045 0.04 0.035 0.03 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 gorilla orangutan human chimpanzee Pipefish: related to seahorses Pregnant Male: Males care for developing eggs Males care for developing eggs The Measurement of Sexual Selection Using Bateman’s Principles: An Experimental Test in the Sex-Role-Reversed Pipefish Syngnathus typhle (2005) Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45:874–884 Adam G. Jones, Gunilla Rosenqvist, Anders Berglund, and John C. Avise frequency Jones et al. Fig. 1 When there are more females than males, many females cannot mate. number of mates frequency Jones et al. Fig. 1 When the sex ratio is even, most males and females mate. number of mates frequency Jones et al. Fig. 1 When there are more males than females, most males can mate. number of mates The sex ratio affects who will successfully reproduce. Pipefish females are more affected by competition. Jones et al. Fig. 1 (This is some additional info about pipefish that was NOT covered in class) number of individuals Excess females: only medium size females can mate Jones et al. Fig. 4 body length (mm) (This is some additional info about pipefish that was NOT covered in class) number of individuals Excess males: many different size males can mate Jones et al. Fig. 4 body length (mm) (This is some additional info about pipefish that was NOT covered in class) medium sized female pipefish are most successful at reproducing while size is less critical for male pipefish Jones et al. Fig. 4 Different reproductive strategies lead to differences in sexual dimorphism.