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Today:
and
CB 42.5
Mammals have
two ciculatory
circuits:
pulmonary and
systemic
CB
42.9
Blood flows from arteries to capillaries to
veins
CB 42.11
Blood
pressure
changes as
the blood
moves from
arteries to
capillaries
This change in pressure causes fluid to leak out
of the capillaries
CB 42.14
High
pressure,
Fluid forced out
Interstitial fluid,
Recovered by…
Blood in vein,
More viscous
Not all of the fluid (~15%) is reabsorbed on
the venous side. This interstitial fluid is
collected by the lymphatic system.
CB 42.14
Lymphatic
system
CB 43.5
Because of the low pressure
in veins and lymph vessels,
movement of these fluids
comes from skeletal
muscles movements.
CB 42.10
The mammalian
circulatory
system is both
open and closed
CB 42.5
Nutrients,
Waste, O2,
CO2, Water,
Minerals, etc
must be
transported
throughout
the body
CB 42.27
Gases move by diffusion:
Only from high to low
concentration
CB 42.28
Hb is carried
inside red
blood cells
hemoglobin
Hemoglobin
(a protein)
carries
oxygen in
the blood
CB 42.23
The Respiratory
System:
large surface area
to maximize gas
exchange
~100m2 in humans
CB 42.23
Gas exchange
occurs in
alveoli
In the lungs, O2 diffuses into the blood, and
CO2 diffuses out into the lungs.
CB 42.27
How is oxygen delivered to where it is
needed?
By adjusting blood flow…
CB 42.13
By changes in blood pH
CB 42.30
Cell
Cellular
Respiration
CB 42.30
Blood
O2 Hb in RBC
CO2
Low CO2
High O2
CO2
Hb in RBC
O2
Lung
Cell
Cellular
Respiration
CO2
CB 42.30
Blood
O2 Hb in RBC
CO2+H2O
=H2CO3
(carbonic acid)
Low CO2
High O2
(less
CO2
carbonic acid)
Hb in RBC
O2
Lung
Cell
Cellular
Respiration
CO2
CB 42.30
Blood
Hb releases
O2 O2 at lower pH
CO2+H2O
=H2CO3
(carbonic acid)
Low CO2
High O2
CO2
(less
carbonic acid)
Hb can
bind O2
O2
Lung
I hope Pat likes my
feathers because I am
tired of dragging them
around everywhere.
1
Which is male?
2
1
Which is male?
2
Female grizzly bears cannot reproduce
while lactating. Therefore they can only
reproduce every once every 3 years…
…this leads to competition between males
Sexual Dimporphism: differences between
males and females
200
Average height/weight by sex in U.S.
180
160
140
120
male
female
100
80
60
40
20
0
height (in.)
weight (lbs.)
2.5
Ratio of Weight Male/Female
2
1.5
M/F
1
0.5
0
Grizzly Bear
Gorilla
Orangutan
Bonobo
Chimpanzee
Human
Bonobos
Primates
have
different
reproductive
stratagies
2.5
Ratio of Weight Male/Female
2
1.5
M/F
1
0.5
0
Grizzly Bear
Gorilla
Orangutan
Bonobo
Chimpanzee
Human
Testicle size (oz) per body weight (lbs)
Testes Compared to Overall Weight
0.045
0.04
0.035
0.03
0.025
0.02
0.015
0.01
0.005
0
gorilla
orangutan
human
chimpanzee
Pipefish: related
to seahorses
Pregnant Male:
Males care for
developing eggs
Males care for
developing eggs
The Measurement of Sexual Selection Using
Bateman’s Principles:
An Experimental Test in the Sex-Role-Reversed
Pipefish Syngnathus typhle (2005)
Integrative and Comparative Biology, 45:874–884
Adam G. Jones, Gunilla Rosenqvist, Anders
Berglund, and John C. Avise
frequency
Jones et al. Fig. 1
When there are more
females than males,
many females
cannot mate.
number of mates
frequency
Jones et al. Fig. 1
When the sex ratio
is even, most males
and females mate.
number of mates
frequency
Jones et al. Fig. 1
When there are more
males than females,
most males can mate.
number of mates
The sex ratio affects who
will successfully reproduce.
Pipefish females are more
affected by competition.
Jones et al. Fig. 1
(This is some additional info about pipefish that was NOT covered in class)
number of individuals
Excess females: only medium size females can mate
Jones et al. Fig. 4
body length (mm)
(This is some additional info about pipefish that was NOT covered in class)
number of individuals
Excess males: many different size males can mate
Jones et al. Fig. 4
body length (mm)
(This is some additional info about
pipefish that was NOT covered in class)
medium sized
female pipefish are
most successful at
reproducing while
size is less critical
for male pipefish
Jones et al. Fig. 4
Different reproductive strategies lead to
differences in sexual dimorphism.