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The Respiratory System Function of the Respiratory System The respiratory system includes tubes that remove particles from (filter) incoming air and transport air into and out of the lungs. Respiration is-The entire process of gas exchange between atmosphere and body cells Events1. Movement of air in and out of lungs (breathing or ventilation) 2. Gas exchange between blood and air in lungs by diffusion (external respiration) 3. Gas transport between lungs and body cells 4. Gas exchange between blood and body cells (internal respiration) Respiration Lungs remove the oxygen from the air (21% of air is oxygen) and exchange it for carbon dioxide (waste product of cells) Organs of Respiratory System: Divided into two groups (or tracts) 1. Upper respiratory includes nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx 2. Lower respiratory includes larynx, trachea, bronchial tree and lungs Nose and Nasal Cavity • Function of nose is to provide entrance from nostrils to nasal cavity where internal hairs begin to filter air • Its primary function is to conduct air to the pharynx, where mucous lining filters and moistens air. This mucous entraps dust and other small particles that enter with air. • As cilia move, push mucous with dust toward pharynx, where it is swallowed and digested by stomach Paranasal sinuses and pharynx • Function to reduce weight of skull and resonant chambers that affect quality o voice • Functions as a passageway for food traveling from oral cavity to esophagus and for air passing between nasal cavity and larynx. It also helps to produce sounds of speech Larynx and trachea • Function of larynx is to conduct air in and out of trachea, prevent foreign objects from entering trachea. Also houses the vocal cords. • Trachea-filters incoming air, moves entrapped particles upward into the pharynx where mucous can be swallowed. • Within the trachea are 20 ‘C’-shaped pieces of cartilage that prevent it from collapsing and blocking the airway Bronchial tree and lungs-• Bronchial tree consists of branched airways from trachea to microscopic air sacs in lungs. Begins with primary bronchi, branch into finer tubes called bronchioles. • Bronchioles continue to divide into thin tubes called alveolar ducts, which contain small clustered microscopic sacs called alveoli. Lungs • The right lung is larger than the left lung and is divided into 3 lobes. The left has 2 lobes • Each lobe has connections to blood and lymphatic vessels. Lung includes air passages, alveoli, blood vessles, connective tissue, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. Inspiration and expiration • Inspiration occurs when pressure inside alveoli decreases and atmospheric pressure is greater • Expiration is the result of elastic recoil of tissues and surface tension within alveoli (diaphragm does not control breathing) • The amount of air that enters or leaves the lungs is called the tidal volume Medical terms of the respiratory system1. Cancer (lung)- originates from epithelial cells, caused by foreign substances in lungs 2. Emphysema-degenerative disease affecting alveolar walls, therefore it affects breathing 3. Pneumothorax-entrance of air into space between pleural (lung lining) membranes=lung collapse Medical terms of respiratory system cont. 4. Laryngitis-horseness or loss of voice, mucous membrane becomes inflamed, can cause obstruction of airway 5. Bronchoscopy- procedure used to directly examine the trachea and bronchial tree 6. Tracheotomy-incision in trachea for removal of foreign object 7. Hyperventilation-prolonged, rapid, deep breathing 8. Bronchitis-inflammation of bronchial lining