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UNIT 2 CELLS AND SYSTEMS TOPIC 1 : LIVING ORGANISMS Characteristics of Living Things Scientists agree that living organisms have some of the following characteristics: • They need energy. • They respond and adapt to their environment. • They reproduce. • They grow. • They produce wastes. Functions and Structures • In order to carry out the above functions, living things have different structures. Basic Unit of all Living Things • • • The basic unit of every system is a cell. All living organisms are made of cells. The cell is the most important characteristic that plants and animals share Structures On your own...think about and answer the following: 1. Name and explain 4 different structures for animals to gather food. 2. Name and explain 4 different structures to help animals respond to stimulus. 3. Name and explain 2 structures that animals have that respond to physical activity. 4. Name and explain 4 structures that animals have to communicate. 5. Name and explain 3 structures that animals have to move. TOPIC 2 : MICROSCOPES AND CELLS Parts of the Microscope and function • You need to label and describe what each part of a microscope does. Early Microscopes • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek created the first microscope. Cell Theory • All living things are composed of one or more cells • Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all organisms Microscopes Today • Light Microscopes – The best can magnify up to 2000x • Electron Microscopes – The best can magnify up to 2 000 000x. Beams of electrons are used instead of light and displayed on a screen. Take a break TOPIC 3 : THE CELL AND ITS STRUCTURES Cells • Living things are either: a) Single cellular – Paramecium and viruses. These are smaller and less complex organisms. b) Multi cellular – Humans and plants. These are more complex organisms and larger in size. Cell parts • Structures in a cell are called organelles. • Each organelle has a role to play in the survival of the cell and organism. Organization of multi cellular organisms (Organs, Systems, Tissue, Cells) Cells Tissue Organs Systems Differences between Plant and Animal cells • Plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts and animal cells don’t. • Cell walls give the plant cell support (because they don’t have skeletons) and chloroplasts are where photosynthesis occurs. Why are cells so small? Look on page 125 and try to answer in your own words, the reason that cells are so small • • • To carry out their work cells need oxygen, water and food. They must also get rid of wastes. These materials must enter the cell membrane, go to the middle and then wastes must exit the membrane. If a cell was very big, this process would take way too long and be difficult to keep going. Large cells would also produce too much waste. Growing bigger • When organisms get bigger, they add more cells, the cells don’t actually get bigger. TOPIC 4 : FLUID MOVEMENT IN CELLS Cell Membrane • Materials move into the cell through the cell membrane by osmosis. Only certain materials can move through the selectively permeable cell membrane. • In cells, nutrients move from an area of higher concentration outside the cell to an area of lower concentration inside the cell. This is done by the process of diffusion. • Wastes then move from an area of higher concentration inside the cell to an area of lower concentration outside the cell. This again is done by diffusion. • Diffusion is when a substance moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of low concentration. TOPIC 5 : CELL SPECIALIZATION AND ORGANIZATION Specialized Cells Multi celled organisms have many different cells that have different shapes and perform different jobs. Cell Muscle Cell Shape Elongated Function Move body parts Skin Cell Flat and brick shaped Form protective layer Nerve Cell Long and branch like Deliver messages to body Bone Cell Thick walled Provide support Advantages of being Multi cellular Multi celled organisms: • Live in a wide variety of environments • Can grow very large • Obtain energy from many sources • Have complex bodies Organization of multi cellular organisms • Cells with the same structure and function form tissue • Tissue forms organs • Organs work together and make systems • Systems work together to form an organism Take a break TOPIC 6 : BODY SYSTEMS IN HUMANS The Digestive System • • • • Food enters the body through the mouth Food is broken down in the mouth, stomach and intestines Unused food is expelled as waste Digestive System Cartoon Assignment Respiratory System • • • • We inhale and bring in oxygen We exhale and get rid of waste carbon dioxide The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange Respiratory System Drawing Assignment Circulatory System • • • • • The circulatory system transports food and oxygen through the body Made of the heart, blood and blood vessels Circulates blood around the body to deliver food particles, dissolved gas and other materials to cells Also takes away waste material from the cells Circulatory System Drawing Assignment Nervous System • • Coordinates and controls the actions of the organs and organ systems Detects, processes and responds to stimuli in the environment Excretory System • Removes wastes from the system Digestive System 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Mouth – Food broken down by chewing and chemical action of saliva. Salivary Glands - Saliva contains enzymes that break down carbohydrates into smaller molecules. Esophagus - The esophagus is a long tube that uses rhythmic, wave-like muscle movements (called peristalsis) to force food from the throat into the stomach. Stomach - Food in the stomach is partly digested and mixed with stomach acids Liver - Makes bile which breaks down fats and some blood proteins. Helps the small intestine in digestion. Gall Bladder - It stores and releases bile into the small intestine. Pancreas - Enzymes from the pancreas help in the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the small intestine. Small Intestine – bile, pancreatic enzymes, and other digestive enzymes produced by the inner wall of the small intestine help in the breakdown of food. Most food is absorbed here. Large Intestine - The large intestine is responsible for absorption of water and excretion of solid waste material. Rectum – Feces are stored here. Anus – Where feces exits the body. Nervous System 1. Brain - It helps to control all of the body systems and organs, keeping them working like they should. The brain also allows us to think, feel, remember and imagine. 2. Spinal Cord - The brain communicates with the rest of the body through the spinal cord and the nerves. Information passed through the spine tells the body what to do and when to do it. 3. Nerve Cells - Neurons carry messages in the form of a electrical impulses. The messages move from one neuron to another to keep the body functioning. Take a break Excretory System 1. Kidney – Cleans the blood of waste products. Waste is passed out your body in urine. 2. Ureter – Takes urine from the kidney to the bladder. 3. Bladder – Stores urine until it is passed out the body in urine. 4. Urethra – Urine passes from the bladder to the urethra on the way out of the body. Respiratory System Larynx – Place where moving air being breathed in and out creates sounds Trachea – This is the windpipe, or the passage leading from the mouth and throat to the lungs Lungs – The lungs perform respiration or gas exchange Bronchi or Bronchus – The two main tubes of the lungs Bronchioles – The smaller divisions of the bronchi Alveolus – The very small air sacs where breathed in air goes Diaphragm – Strong wall of muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity Circulatory System Heart – The body’s blood is circulated throughout the body by the heart Veins – Veins carry blood to the heart. Veins carry dark red blood that doesn’t have much oxygen Arteries – Arteries carry blood away from the heart. Arteries carry bright red blood that is high in oxygen Blood – Carries food and oxygen to cells as well as carrying wastes away from cells. Blood also carries disease fighting white blood cells through the body. It also helps maintain constant body temperature. Take a break TOPIC 7 : BODY SYSTEMS AND YOUR HEALTH Blood – Body’s Transportation System • • • In multi-cellular organisms, substances must be brought to the cells and this is done by the blood. Blood also takes wastes away from the body’s cells. Blood is made of: Plasma - Liquid portion of blood that carry nutrients, waste products and blood cells Red Blood Cells – carry oxygen White Blood Cells – defend body against infections and cause clotting to stop bleeding Platelets – Help stop bleeding by forming clots A Healthy Circulatory System • Living a health lifestyle keeps your circulatory system healthy Disorders of the Circulatory System • • • Disorders of this system are the leading cause of death in North America High blood pressure and heart attacks are common disorders Smoking, lack of exercise, poor diet and high cholesterol can lead to circulatory disorders A Healthy Digestive System Important Nutrients in food that lead to a healthy digestive system: • Carbohydrates provide the body with main source of energy • Fats are essential as they provide us with energy and cushion our organs • Proteins are essential for muscle growth and repair of tissues Disorders of the Digestive System • Cancers and ulcers are common disorders A Healthy Respiratory System • Surrounding yourself with healthy air inside and outside the house keeps your respiratory system healthy Disorders of the Respiratory System • • Bronchitis, emphysema, lung cancer and asthma are common disorders of the respiratory system Smoking and other air pollutants are the major causes of respiratory disorders.