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The Respiratory System OBJECTIVES •Define terms associated with the respiratory system • Discuss generalized functions of the respiratory system. •List the major organs of the respiratory system and describe the function of each. •Compare, contrast, and explain the mechanism responsible for gas exchange during internal and external respiration. •Identify and discuss the mechanisms that regulate respiration. Respiratory System The basic functions of the respiratory system are…… • Bring oxygen-rich air into the body for delivery to the blood cells • Expel waste products • Produce air flow through lungs to make speech possible • Filters, warms, and humidifies the air we breath Terminology Otolaryngologist/OtorhinolaryngolistSpecialist in diagnosing diseases of the ear, nose, throat PulmonologistPhysician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of the lungs Upper Respiratory Tract • Consists of these structures…. •Nose •Mouth •Pharynx •Epiglottis •Larynx •Trachea (Spans both upper and lower) Lower Respiratory Tract • Consists of the… •Trachea (Both upper and lower) •Bronchial Tree •Lungs •Protected in the Thoracic Cavity Pic 14-1 pg 361 Pic 14-1 pg 361 Upper Respiratory Organs NOSE • External Nares - Nostrils • Nasal Cavity • Nasal Septum - Divides right and left nasal cavities • Conchae - 3 Shelf-like structures Upper Respiratory Organs NOSE • Cillia – Tiny hairs filter incoming air. • Mucous Membranes – Line nasal cavity. •Lacrimal ducts – Drain into nasal cavity. • Olfactory Receptors – Nerve receptors located in the nasal mucosa responsible for the sense of smell and taste. Upper Respiratory Organs NOSE •Four paranasal sinuses drain into the nasal cavities: •Frontal •Sphenoidal •Maxillary •Ethmoidal •Assist in the production of mucus. •Hollow spaces help to lighten the skull •Resonant chambers help produce sound Upper Respiratory Organs Frontal Sinus •Located in the frontal bone above eyebrows. •Infections here can cause severe pain. Upper Respiratory Organs Sphenoid Sinus •Located in the sphenoid bone, near optic nerve. •Infections here can cause damaged vision. Upper Respiratory Organs Maxillary Sinus •Largest of paranasal sinuses. •Located in the maxillary bone. •Infections here can cause pain in the teeth. Upper Respiratory Organs Ethmoid Sinus •Located in the ethmoid bone. •Separated from orbital cavity by thin bone. Upper Respiratory Organs NOSE Nasal air flowwwwwwww!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Air enters nares Goes into nasal cavities Moves over conchae Warmed and humidified Diseases Epitaxis- Nose bleed Sinusitis- Inflammation of the sinuses Rhinorrhea- Runny nose Upper Respiratory Organs Pharynx AKA the throat Pharynx is divided into three portions • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Laryngopharynx Upper Respiratory Organs Pharynx Nasopharynx – The first portion, uppermost of the tube behind the nasal cavities Oropharynx- The middle, second portion, Located behind the mouth Laryngopharynx- Lowest segment, third division from larynx to openings of esophagus and stomach Upper Respiratory Organs Function of Pharynx Serves as a passage for air and food! Air enters pharynx from nasal cavities Leaves through larynx Food enters pharynx from the mouth Leaves from esophagus Eustachian Tubes Eustachian tubes open into the nasopharynx Connects middle ears with nasopharynx Connection allows equalization of air pressure between middle and exterior ear Tonsils Lymphatic tissue embedded into the mucous membrane of the pharynx Pharyngeal (Adnoids) - Nasopharynx Palatine - Oropharynx Upper Respiratory Organs Larynx AKA the voice box Located between the pharynx and trachea Contains the vocal cords Protected and held open by cartilage rings Largest Cartilage is thyroid cartilage “Adam’s Apple Vocal Cords Stretch across the interior of the larynx Open when breathing Closed together with speech, producing sound, when air is expelled. Tense, voice is high pitched Relaxed, low voice Diseases Pharyngitis- Known as a sore throat Laryngoplegia- Paralysis of the larynx Laryngospasm- Sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx Diseases Aphonia-loss of ability to produce normal speech Dysphonia- Any voice impairment Laryngitis- Is an inflammation of larynx Epiglottis Cartilage structure that acts like a “trapdoor”. Closes off larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering trachea. Soft palate assists with this motion by moving up and back during swallowing to prevent food from going up the nose, Trap Door??????? Questions??????? Where are the vocal cords located? When speaking, are the vocal cords opened or closed? Questions??????? What are the three divisions of the pharynx? What keeps food from going into the lungs?? Why doesn’t your food go through your nostrils? Lower Respiratory Tract Trachea Bronchial Tree Lungs Lower Respiratory Organs Trachea AKA “Windpipe” Extends from larynx to lungs Directly in front of the esophagus C-rings of Hyaline Cartilage make the structure flexible Terminology Tracheotomy- Emergency procedure. An incision Is made to open the blocked airway Tracheostomy- Creating an opening into the trachea Inserting a tube to create an airway, or remove obstruction Stoma- An opening on the body’s surface Lower Respiratory Organs Bronchial Tree Trachea- Main trunk of the tree Primary Bronchi- First limbs off tree trunk Secondary Bronchi- In Lungs, branches off first limbs of the tree Lower Respiratory Organs Bronchial Tree Bronchioles- Branches off Secondary Bronchi Alveolar Ducts- Branches off bronchioles Alveolar sacs- Resemble a cluster of grapes Alveoli- A single grape Lower Respiratory Organs Alveoli AKA air sacs Thin flexible walls surrounded by a network of capillaries Gas exchange (Oxygen and CO2) Covered by surfactant (Keeps from collapsing) Lower Respiratory Organs Lungs Organs of respiration Located in the chest, from collarbone to diaphragm Right lung has 3 lobes Superior, middle, inferior Left lung has 2 lobes Superior, inferior Smaller due to heart Diseases Cystic Fibrosis- Genetic disorder in which the lungs clogged with abnormally thick mucus Anthracosis- Black lung disease Asbestosis- asbestos particles in the lungs Pneumonia- Inflammation of lungs in which air sacs are filled with pus. Lower Respiratory Organs Pleura Pleura covers the outer surface of the lungs Thin moist slippery membrane Outer layer – Parietal pleura, lining the walls of the thoracic cavity. Inner layer – Visceral pleura, surrounding each lung Lower Respiratory Organs Pleura Pleural space/cavity: Space between the pleura. Thin layer of fluid allow membrane to slide Diseases Pneumothorax- Presence of air in intrapleural space. Pleurisy- Inflammation of the pleura. Pleural effusion- Abnormal escape of fluid in pleural cavity. Lower Respiratory Organs Diaphragm Muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities Muscle contraction and relaxation make breathing possible. Stimulated by the Phrenic nerve. QUESTIONS????? How many lobes does the right lung have? How many lobes does the left lung have? What is a pneumothorax? Pulmonary Ventilation Pulmonary Ventilation is also known as Breathing Breathing- is a process that moves air into and out of the lungs. - makes it possible for exchange of gases between air in the lungs and blood Pulmonary Ventilation Pulmonary Ventilation/Breathing has two phases. Inspiration- Inhalation moves air into the lungs Expiration- Moves air out of the lungs Inspiration Inspiration occurs when the chest cavity Enlarges -Lungs expand, air rushes in, down to alveoli -Muscles of inspiration are - Diaphragm - External intercostals Muscles of Inspiration External Intercostals- Located between ribs - Origin, Inferior border of rib above - Insertion, Superior border of rib below - Elevates ribs during inspiration Muscles of Inspiration Diaphragm- Located between abdominal and thoracic cavity. - Origin, Xiphoid process , costal cartilages of last six ribs - Insertion, Central tendon - Pulls down on central tendon, increases vertical length of thorax Inspiration The diaphragm flattens during inspiration The Diaphragm is the most important muscle of inspiration The phrenic nerve stimulate the diaphragm to contract. As the chest cavity enlarges, air pressure is reduced, air enters the lungs Expiration Expiration is the act of breathing out The diaphragm relaxes and moves upward This causes air to move out of the lungs Muscles of expiration - Internal intercostals - Abdominal Muscles Expiration Internal intercostals- Origin, Superior border of rib below Insertion, Inferior border of rib above Expiration is passive- No muscles contract!!!!!! Inspiration Expiration QUESTIONS????? Which are the muscles of inspiration? What stimulates the diaphragm to contract? During expiration the diaphragm is relaxed, or contracted? Respiration Exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment. Two types of respiration -External respiration -Internal respiration Pulmonary Respiration The two processes of respiration •External Respiration- Exchange of gases between air and lungs and in the blood •Internal Respiration- Exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body External Respiration Blood is pumped from the right ventricle of the heart It enters the pulmonary artery Enters the Lungs Flows through capillaries next to alveoli External respiration takes place between blood and alveoli by diffusion What is diffusion??????? Gas Exchange Alveolar air is rich in oxygen Capillary blood is low in oxygen Diffusion takes place Capillary blood is now rich in oxygen Oxyhemoglobin is formed External Respiration Diffusion of Carbon Dioxide occurs between lungs and capillaries and Alveoli air. Blood flowing through lung capillaries is high in carbon dioxide Most is carried as a bicarbonate Some combines with hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin External Respiration As cells remove oxygen from blood they add the waste product of carbon dioxide Pulmonary capillary blood becomes high in carbon Dioxide. Diffusion takes place between capillaries and alveoli and carbon dioxide is expired Internal Respiration Internal Respiration- gas exchange that occurs between blood in the tissue capillaries Internal Respiration The direction is opposite of external respiration Oxyhemoglobin breaks down into oxygen and hemoglobin in tissue capillaries Oxygen molecules move out of blood into tissue capillaries, then to interstitial fluid, then to cells Diffusion Gas Exchange Carbon Dioxide molecules leave the cells Enter tissue capillaries Bicarbonate ions are formed Carbaminohemoglobin is formed Oxygenated blood enters tissue and is changed into deoxygenated blood Can you pump up your VOLUME? We breathe Approximately 500ml in and out Tidal Volume (TV)- the amount of air breathed in and out with each breath. Vital Capacity (VC)- The largest amount of air breathed out in expiration. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)- This is the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled after expiring the tidal volume. Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)- this is the amount of air that can be forcibly inspired over normal inspiration. Residual Volume (RV)- Air that remains in the lungs after the most forceful expiration. QUESTIONS????? What is the tidal volume? What is the difference between Expiratory volume, and Residual Volume? Can you Explain the Math???????? ERV + IRV + TV = VC Regulation Breathing needs to be regulated! Normal respiration depends on proper functioning Of muscles of respiration. Normal breathing rate is 12-18 breaths a minute Breathing is controlled by Respiratory Control Centers Located in the Pons and Medulla in the brain stem More Regulations The two most important control centers - Inspiratory Center - Expiratory Center At rest the neurons will fire at a rate of 12-18 breaths a minute Regulate Yourself YOU can control your breathing from your Cerebral Cortex Chemically Induced Regulation Chemoreceptor- Located in carotid, aortic bodies Sensitive to chemical gas changes Send impulses to respiratory regulatory center Pulmonary Stretch Receptors Receptors – located in the lungs, pulmonary airways and alveoli -Prevent over inflation -Send a message to inhibit over inflation to Inspiratory center Terminology Eupnea- Normal respiration rate Dyspnea- labored, difficult breathing Apnea- lack of breathing Hyperventilation- rapid deep breathing Hypoventilation- slow shallow respirations Terminology Cheyne-Stokes Respiration Pattern of alternating periods of slow and rapid breathing. Anoxia Absence of oxygen Nebulizer treatment Dispenses large doses of medication thru a mask in mist form. Terminology (ARDS) Acute respiratory distress syndrome Lung failure resulting from many different disorders that cause pulmonary edema. -Causes can be severe infection -Shock -Pneumonia -Burns -Injuries Terminology (SIDS) Sudden Infant Death Syndrome -Occurs in babies three months or younger -No obvious medical condition (COPD) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease -A group of respiratory conditions , chronic airflow limitations The Respiratory System QUESTIONS