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Unit 6 Human Body & Organ Systems Systems Protection, Support, & Locomotion Integumentary System VIII. ◦ Skin: main organ (largest organ) ◦ Two layers: Epidermis and Dermis ◦ Composed of four types of body tissues Epithelial - Outer layer of the skin ◦ Functions to cover surfaces of the body Connective - Consists of both tough and flexible protein fibers ◦ Serves as a glue, holding your body together Muscle ◦ Interacts with hairs on the skin to respond to stimuli (cold/fright) Nervous ◦ Helps us detect external stimuli (pain/pressure) ◦ Epidermis: outermost layer 25 to 30 layers of dead, flattened cells that are continually being shed ◦ Dermis: second principal layer Vascularized: Contains blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands, and oil glands ◦ Subcutaneous layer Adipose (fat) tissue Attaches skin to underlying organs (muscles) & tissues ◦ Functions: Help maintain homeostasis by regulation your internal body temperature Skeletal System ◦ 206 Bones – 300 bones in babies ◦ Functions Framework for the tissues of your body Protects internal organs ◦ Bone cells Ossification: bone formation (osteoblasts) Muscular System ◦ Types Smooth muscle ◦ Walls of your internal organs, blood vessels ◦ Functions: to squeeze, exerting pressure on the space inside the organ it surrounds to move material ◦ Involuntary muscle Cardiac muscle ◦ Heart ◦ Conduct electrical impulses ◦ Involuntary muscle Skeletal muscle ◦ Moves your bones ◦ Voluntary muscle Circulatory System I. Blood i. Red blood cells i. Transport oxygen and come carbon dioxide ii.Lack a nucleus iii.Contains hemoglobin ii.White blood cells 1.Defend the body against disease II. Pathway of Circulation a.Three main types of blood vessels i. Arteries 1.Elastic blood vessel that carry blood away from the heart ii. Capillaries 1.Form a dense network that reaches every cell in the body iii. Veins 1.Large blood vessels that carry blood from the tissues back towards the heart I. Respiratory System Functions a.Process of gas exchange i. Mechanisms involving in getting oxygen to the cells of your body and getting rid of carbon dioxide II. Alveoli a.Bronchus (bronchi) bronchioles alveoli i. Alveoli= are the sacs of the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged by diffusion between air and blood III.Mechanics a.Diaphragm and muscles between your ribs enable you to breathe in and breathe out b.Diaphragm is located beneath the lungs IV.Control of Respiration a.Involuntary process b.Medulla oblongata = helps maintain homeostasis i. Responds to higher levels of carbon dioxide by sending nerve signals to rib muscles and diaphragm ii.Nerve signals cause these muscles to contract and you inhale I. Digestive System Functions a.Disassemble food into its component molecules so it can be used as energy II. Digestive Tract a.Mouth i. Mechanical digestion: physical process of breaking food into smaller pieces i. Saliva: contains digestive enzyme called Amylace :Chemical digestion b.Esophagus i. Connects your mouth to your stomach ii.Epiglottis: flap of skin that prevents food from entering into the respiratory tract. c.Stomach : Food remains in your stomach for two to four hours i. Lined with smooth muscle ii.Chemical digestion : Gastric juices: pepsin and hydrochloric iii.Mechanical digestion : Muscular churning iv.Mucus lining in your stomach to protect from the gastric juices a.Small Intestine : Muscular tube about six meters long i. Chemical digestion: carbohydrates and proteins 1.Enzymes secreted by the pancreas and liver aid in the chemical digestion 2.Bile: made by the liver and helps break down fats ii.Absorption 1.Liquid stays in your small intestines about three to five hours and is slowly moved along by peristalsis b.Large Intestine i. Indigestible material goes to the large intestine ii.Water absorption 1.Water and salts are absorbed leaving behind a more solid material 2.Vitamin synthesis (vitamin B and vitamin K are synthesize by anaerobic bacteria and then absorbed by the body) iii.Elimination of wastes 1.18 to 24 hours in the large intestine the indigestible material (feces) reaches the rectum and then the anus. 24 to 36 hours for your meals entire journey I. Nervous System Basic unit: Neuron or Nerve cell a.Conduct impulses and carry them toward the cell body b.Neuron is a long cell that consists of three regions i. Cell body ii.Dendrites: receive impulses & carry them toward the body iii.Axon: carries impulses away from the cell body II. CNS : central nervous system – Brain & Spinal cord a.Anatomy of the Brain I. i. Cerebrum 1.divided into two halves 2.controls intelligence, memory, language, senses, skeletal muscle movements ii.Cerebellum 1.back of the brain 2.controls balance, posture, and coordination - if injury movements become jerky iii.Brain stem 1.medulla oblongata: controls involuntary activities (breathing) PNS: peripheral nervous system a.Two divisions i. Somatic system: relays information between your CNS and skeletal muscles ii.Autonomic system: carries impulses from your CNS to internal organs (involuntary) Immune System I. Terminology A. Pathogens – infectious agent, a germ, that causes disease or illness to its host: Viruses/Bacteria/Fungi/Protist B. Antigens – molecule considered foreign by the body’s immune system & may stimulate an immune response C. Antibodies – proteins manufactured by the immune system which recognizes and targets a specific antigen. Production – many different lymphocyte exist Each type recognizes one specific antigen & responds by dividing rapidly to form clones D. Immunity Active immunity – due to the production of antibodies by the organism itself Passive immunity – due to the acquisition of antibodies from another organism in which active immunity has been stimulated (placenta or colostrum) Natural immunity – due to infection or from mother Artificial immunity - due to innoculation with vaccine Non-specific defense A. skin and mucous membranes = physical & waterproof barrier 1.cells shed so microbes can’t colonize 2.mucous traps microbes and airborne pathogens (especially in respiratory tract) 3.saliva – lysozyme to digest bacterial cell wall / stomach – low pH B. White Blood Cells (WBC) 1.phagocytes – cells that engulf pathogens– contain lysosomes 2.macrophages – large WBC that are able to change their shape to surround an invader & take it in through the process of phagocytosis C. Inflammatory Response 1.Local injury or infection 1.vasodilation near injury or infection increases blood causing redness and heat 2.increased blood flow brings more WBC