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Respiratory System Balloon Races in Switzerland Function of the Respiratory System • To exchange O2 and CO2 between the environment and the organism • To maintain homeostasis within the organism Different types of Respiration Plants… • …exchange O2 and CO2 through small openings called stomata. • …use CO2 to complete photosynthesis. • …give off O2 as a waste product. Mollusks • Most use gills. – A system of projections that contain a rich supply of blood so gases can be exchanged. • Land snails & slugs have a primitive lung. Segmented Worms • Exchange gas through their moist skin. Arthropods • Arthropods (insects) need a quick system for delivering oxygen because they are so active. • Three types of respiration: 1. Gills- only in aquatic arthropods 2. Tracheal Tubes- branching network of air passages, muscles help pump air throughout the body. Air enters and exits through small openings called spiracles. 3. Book Lungs- only spiders and their relatives; air filled chambers that contain plates Arthropods with Gills Arthropods with Tracheal Tubes Arthropods with Book Lungs Echinoderms • Use the water vascular system – Take in water and exchange gas through tube feet Tube Feet Fishes • Fish take in water through the mouth. • The water passes over the gills to exchange gases then leaves through gill slits. • Gills are covered with tiny blood vessels – which is the site of gas exchange. Amphibians • Many exchange gas through their moist skin. • Few have lungs • Young amphibians have gills (tadpoles) but later develop lungs (frogs) Reptiles • Depend on lungs for gas exchange Birds • Lungs & Air Sac structures • These provide the birds with more oxygen per breath • Birds need lots of oxygen for flying Mammals • Use lungs for gas exchange Question: Which type is the most complex? Which is the least complex? Human Respiratory System Components of the Respiratory System 1. Nostrils or Mouth: where air enters the body – air is filtered, cleaned and warmed 2. Pharynx (throat): passageway used by nutrients and air 3. Epiglottis: flap of tissue that covers your “wind pipe” 4. Larynx: airway where your vocal cords are found Components of the Respiratory System - 2 5. Trachea: tube surrounded with circles of cartilage that prevents it from collapsing, also filters air 6. Bronchi or Bronchus: two short tubes that lead to your lungs 7. Lungs: located on either side of your heart 8. Alveoli: small sacs located inside the lung where oxygen and carbon dioxide are located. Human Lungs Healthy Lung Lung Cancer Emphysema Alveoli • Your lung is filled with sac like structures called alveoli. • The alveoli look like a bunch of grapes. Alveoli • Each alveoli is covered with capillaries – which are the location of gas exchange. – Carbon dioxide is dropped off by RBCs. – Oxygen is picked up by RBCs. **Review** Think back: The heart pumps blood to your heart to do what? After it does this, where does the blood go? Clean Air • Your lungs, nasal cavity, trachea, and bronchi are lined with ciliated cells that secrete mucus. • The mucus traps particles from the air to protect your body. Clean Air • The cilia constantly beat upward in the direction of your throat to move the mucus and trapped particles. • Foreign material can be swallowed or expelled by coughing or sneezing. Breathing • Your lungs are not made of muscle and therefore cannot fill or empty air without help. • A thin muscle, called the diaphragm, is located underneath your lungs. Diaphragm • relaxes to force air out of your lungs. • contracts to draw air into your lungs. What is in control? • The medulla oblongata, a part of the brain, is responsible for maintaining homeostasis – which includes the amount of O2 or CO2 in your body. • Your brain sends signals to your rib muscles directing them to contract which forces you to inhale.